seeing someone elses doppelganger in a dream

A few years ago, I had a dream where I was standing in the middle of my brothers room. According to ancient legend, a doppelgnger isn't just someone who resembles you, or a twin with their own identity it is a literal duplicate of you. Giphy. Actually this is quite the opposite, in fact seeing yourself in your dream contains hidden secrets that you need to make conscious. Having received such a warning, the dreamer can avoid some trouble or prepare for it in advance. Dream Interpretation warns: even if life has prepared some tests for you, you must pass them with dignity. You should pay more attention to your health and try to prevent the illness. As strange as these dreams are they actually contain a very valuable message that points you towards the things in yourself that remain unconscious. They supposedly attempt to purposely give you bad advice in a malicious way. Dreaming of a doppelganger or look alike in your dream represents a mirror reflection of yourself, aspects of how you are that remain unconscious. He points to the challenges coming into your life. I read Jung and that is about it for psychology. I freak out and start screaming (as Im screaming Im thinking is this whats its likeRead more , I was taking a nap mid day and thats when this dream happened, I was laying on the couch and my niece was sitting in the chair and we were talking and out the corner of my eye I seen something move, I looked it was nothing, I continue talking and then I just happen to look again and there it was, it was my nieces doppelganger just standing there with no expression and I felt SO MUCH negative energy coming from it, I freaked out and started yelling then it ran past me and my niece into the kitchen,Read more , I got a creepy dream, im on our living room having a usual conversation with my mother and father then i dont really remember things, it was like i was teleported on a bathroom and there was a mirror, and not really sure what i saw Im thinking if it was my doppleganger it somehow look like me but the face were kind of obscured by shadow and has a creepy smile behind me on the mirror can anyone help me what does this mean, The scenario you describe with a doppleganger obscured by a shadow with a creepy smile happened in a dream i had as well. When he is like a dreamer himself, this is a good sign: a person really assesses himself, he soberly judges life events. They might also try to plant sinister ideas in their victim's mind. Even creepier? A "ka" is thought of as a spiritual double born in everyone. To dream of another person with a double, according to Millers dreambook, means that an illness and sadness due to unpleasant events waits for you. To dream of your own doppelganger represents your concern about being misrepresented or replaced. If you saw your doppelganger in a dream, the dream promises easy money, but you can't call this earning honest. ", You're not off the hook if someone else spots your doppelgnger either. And super still. The site says, "In this cosmological model, the twins Ahura Mazda (Ormuzd) and Angra Mainyu (Ahriman) were co-eternal representatives of good and evil. But that doesnt make any sense so I turn around and sure enough there I am just staring back at me. Dream Interpretation reminds: the events take place regardless of our expectations. This improper action promises a good income, but is fraught with remorse of conscience. This idea is backed up by the many stories throughout time that have told tales where someone died shortly after seeing their doppelgnger multiple times like Lincoln. You might be familiar with the German term doppelgngeror what we might call our body double or look-alike that is known to have a spookily resemblance of you. Another thing to mention is that irl I haveRead more . Joining our website you accept Checkmydream's, The Interpretation of Dreams, by Sigmund Freud (Author). Pretty spooky. If you saw a dream about several doppelgangers of yours, it doesnt matter whether they appeared all at the same time or one after another; the dream means: you still doubt what life choices to make. i had a dream that i was extremely pissed off and was blaming my problem on my grandpas wife i then saw my brother and went up to him and started talking about how i saw my doppelgnger while we were talking my doppelgnger runs up behind me and jumps on me we both fall to the ground my mom noticed and she asks if it was her and i said yes we then go to my laundry room because we hear scribbles on my arms and i was wearing a jacket we rush to take it off but thenRead more , I had this dream I was walking out of work and there was this black figure thing but had eyes and it felt really scary they asked my name I said that wasnt me thats someone else and then they came down stairs and they looked exactly like me this other man also came down some reason he had a pram with him but no baby inside and then the lady she went out and said sorry you have to see this and left I asked the man who the other man is and he said god but if itRead more , I just had a dream where I was at this house with some of my friends because we were looking at some of my old social media that I had to delete cause someone was harassing me and one of the things was along the lines of since youre so famous (idk why it said that) then tell us where you live or something like that. As Im sitting there my late aunt comes and is telling me to leave and thats not who I am and Im so confused. Dream Interpretation warns: do not believe everything that is told to you unconditionally, you should be somewhat skeptical about information and try to check it. I had this dream where i was in our kitchen speaking with my grandma and when i took a glimpse at our living room there i saw my doppelganger sitting down at our chair, i was freaked out and got weak i tried to scream and i dont remember why.. then i went to it and started to punch it and it didnt really take effect, infact my doppelganger was so calm like it didnt even care at all. I started running from him and found myself either up aRead more . There is no "one dream interpretation fits all." Did you dream about sex with your doppelganger? However, someone else's phantom also suggests that the dreamer will avoid deception. Having received such a warning, the dreamer can avoid some trouble or prepare for it in advance. These meanings are in no way, the final say in what YOUR dream means, but hopefully it will inspire you to explore and offer a suggestive starting point for understanding your own dreams. One popular story is when Abraham Lincoln saw his look-alike in 1860. Doppelgnger is a German word that means "double-walker." Some other stuff happened before then but I cant remember, though I dont think it was important. So I had a dream last night. Not everyone can be your friend, but everyone can be your teacher. So what happens when you dream of seeing yourself or doppelganger or evil twin in your dream? Many have always believed that the doppelgnger is basically an "evil twin." For people born from September to December, the dream about doppelganger makes it clear: they are in for a surprise, which can be both pleasant and vice versa. According to Ancient Pages, the stories of vardger describe incidents that are basically dj vu in reverse "where a spirit with the subject's footsteps, voice, scent, or appearance and overall demeanor precedes them in a location or activity, resulting in witnesses believing they've seen or heard the actual person before the person physically arrives.". Anyway maybe someone knows because in my dream I just had I was first off a completely different person, I was someone from a movie trilogy that I enjoy alot and the doppelganger looked just like me (well me as in the person I was in the dream) and I wrestled with this doppelganger out of emotions and the doppelganger seemed scared and didnt fight back until the very end where I managed to throw the doppelganger so hard over my shoulder and onto the ground thatRead more , I had woke up from a dream inside the actual dream. Why where you so cold hearted? ( I never scream out loud irl.) If you had a dream about your husbands copy, such dream mean that he can project his bad mood due to troubles in business on the family. Not liking being spoken for. Because many cultures see portraiture as a representation of the soul, they believe that the soul pictures becomes the double. According to ancient Egyptian myths, the doppelgnger is basically the same as a "ka." He saw this three times, and his wife, Mary Todd, was worried that the vision meant he would serve two terms, but would die before the end of the second. Why? A dream about your mothers twin predicts some surprise. I looked around and I saw it standing in the corner then it charged at me I tried to fight it but it was a ghost I guess i did land a hit it just went into me then it like but me back to sleep in my dream I was trying to wake myself up I was trying to call my boyfriends name because he was on the phone in real life. According to Supernatural Magazine, there is one more theory: a doppelgnger could represent a parallel universe in which everything in this world is replicated in another dimension. Often times in your dreams you will encounter the evil doppelganger that is out to hurt you an image for you to be aware of your own inner demons. 2023 BDG Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Screaming at her might be an unconscious anger you have within yourself. Publisher: Digireads.com If sex with your twin/doppelganger occurs unexpectedly (for example, recognition of a double does not occur immediately), the dream symbolizes a person's desire to control others, impose on them his ideas about the world, guide their actions and thoughts, and create them in his own image and likeness. It means narcissism, the egocentric focus of the dreamer's personality on himself and the unwillingness to communicate with anyone else. Publishing(February 1, 2017). Then there was the Native American myth that said that a doppelgnger is basically your evil double from the underworld. This is a representation of our unconscious self, that which we have stored and perhaps repressed deeply behind our waking personality. Doppelganger Dream Meaning. The good people live in the Upper World, and the evil people live in the Under World. I had a dream I was zoning out on some stairs after I got rescued from a flying house lol. The throat is often connected to communication or perhaps you scream a lot and are not aware. By subscribing to this BDG newsletter, you agree to our. Since dream speak to us in a foreign language killing yourself is actually metaphoric for killing off the bad parts of yourself. It might be time to think about how you're acting and make changes to your behavior if necessary. . By killing him or her would be considered a good symbol. The twin person seen in a dream often has an unfavorable meaning. Native American myths say that there is an Upper World and an Under World. There are countless ancient myths and legends, and even more modern accounts. There are lots of spooky doppelgnger myths out there that are going to make you hope you never meet anyone who looks like you. Then my friends went into the house and this person who looked exactly like me came out of the shadows and startedRead more , I had a dream where Im sitting on an arm of a couch looking at a wall that is a mirror. While this definition is correct, the term has a long other story behind it that gives a whole new meaning to the word "creepy." Doppelgangers - Where a living person is seen in two different places, usually in close proximity so that the person who is alive and their 'ghost' are seen at the same time. The Canelos Indians of South America hated portraiture and photography because they believed the pictures captured the soul of the person, and this is still a belief today. They looked just like you, it was almost creepy!" The Hopi legend refers to twins called the Child of the Sun and the Child of the Water. According to both English and German folklore, seeing your doppelgnger often means that death will soon follow even more so if you see them more than once. According to Ancient Pages, one of the earliest references to this idea is found in the Zurvanite branch of Zoroastrianism. Seeing your sons or daughters doppelganger symbolizes doubts and worries about your work. Millers dreambook interprets this image as the upcoming choice: whether to make a certain act or not. Maybe it is a message. I can see myself sitting on the couch and I get up to look at myself closer. Publisher: Princeton University Press; 2nd According to ancient Egyptian myths, the doppelgnger is basically the same as a "ka." A "ka" is thought of as a spiritual double born in everyone. For people born in January - April to see their twin promises grief, a feeling of great fear. Well according to mythology texts this isnt just a look a like but an exact replica one that is known to be evil or harbor bad luck once encountered. I have always lived a double life and I am really close to achieving my goals to finally leave that old life. Because knifes are symbols that show up to remove something. What it mean? Today, it's pretty common to find old portraits and paintings of someone who looks exactly like someone living now think super old portraits of a person who looks just like a popular celebrity. edition (October 1, 1980). It was a weird dream, one day I came home and I found someone looking exactly like me, and is not shocked after seeing me, she is very calm and I am very shocked, and it seemed liked she was from other dimension, my mother was missing too but her mother from other dimension was there was talking on phone maybe because my mother was talking on phone while I was sleeping, the I dont remember much but then I was driving a bike very fast. Thank you I will do some more internal work. For those whose birth date is from May to August, this symbol in a dream foreshadows a disease. Seeing the doppelgnger could be a moment when we're able to witness the other dimension. Quite scary I promiseusually Im smiling at myself. He points to the challenges coming into your life. The Hopi also believe that whatever is happening in the Upper World, the opposite is happening in the Under World. It is a self composed of ourRead more , Somebody please tell me what my dream was about like its really scaring me. And I threw it to a nearby cop Bc I didnt want it. Dreams have a strange tendency to send you symbols in a metaphoric manner for you to decode, unfortunately it often leads to most people scratching their heads when they wake up. It Is Your Spiritual Double. I never seem to find answers to my specific dreams for some reason. In case the subject of the dream knows that his partner is his doppelganger, does not oppose this and even, on the contrary, craves for such a thing, the dream has a bright narcissistic coloring. Traditionally, doppelgangers are thought to be omens of death, similar to crisis apparitions. The bad parts commonly known as what Carl Jung described as the shadow side of the dreamer, contains all the evil or bad elements that need to be recognized within you. This isn't the only ghostly example of a doppelgnger myth seemingly come true. Some dreambooks give interpretations of such plot depending on the dreamers date of birth. Running away from authority tells you something. Feeling that someone may takeover in your name. There can be two options for interpreting such a dream, depending on whether sex is expected and desired, or if it happens unexpectedly and surprises the dreamer. If you saw your doppelganger in a dream, the dream promises easy money, but you can't call this earning . I woke up and gasped when it suddenly appeared as I touched my hands to the mirror. I was so scared and just stared at her, screaming so much that my throat hurt. I feel like its that but it can go so many ways. A vision also indicates the various possibilities available. What could that be? I turn and see myself just staring blankly. He had a light blue tshirt on with black pants and he was kinda buff. ISBN-13: 978-1577151562. Below are a few of the most horrifying things people believe and/or have believed about doppelgngers: The most widely known myth about doppelgngers is that they are an omen of death. A dream about your brothers doppelganger is a sign that he is probably in danger. If a copy in a dream has beauty, wealth, which the dreamer does not have, this is an illustration of his dreams. It's like a real-life ghost story! Doppelgngers are generally just seen as a bad omen, even if they don't specifically mean death. Dream Dictionary, Dream Dictionary A-Z, Symbols, Definitions & Meanings, Tardis Dreams Meaning Dreaming of Tardis Interpretaion, Metroeve Style | Fashion Inspiration & Trends. See shadow in search bar for more details. by Gustavus Hindman Miller (Author), Sigmund Freud (Author), Henri Bergson (Author). Someone representing you in a dangerous manner or without your permission. From hair trends to relationship advice, our daily newsletter has everything you need to sound like a person whos on TikTok, even if you arent. Dreams of having sex with a doppelganger are very interesting and represent a special psychological phenomenon (along with dreams of kissing yourself). ISBN-13: 978-1420954388, Psychology and Alchemy, by C. G. Jung (Author). We laughed some of it off but I thought it was weird. It comes from Norse mythology, and the doppelgnger is there called a "vardger." In what ways you are not who you are in real life? They are based on the narcissistic self-direction of the personality. My aunt tries to get me to get up and leave but I face the look alike and grab her hands and start praying . Maybe you've heard someone say something like, "I saw your doppelgnger today. From the corner of my eye I can see someone sitting on the couch arm just where I was, I look over and its me. There are real accounts of people seeing their doppelgngers, and things almost never end well for them. To see the double of another person in a dream means that someone you know will probably try to deceive you. Its like a portal in the dream that changes the sequence of events. In general, seeing a double in a dream is considered to have negative implications. Talking to your dream twin in a dream predicts a serious illness. Here are my thoughts, and i am no licensed psychologist. I agree doppelganger dreams can be quite scary. You are not able to face something within yourself that needs to be removed, hence why the knife emerged in your dream. It may also reflect your feelings about being helped behind your back. Today, it's often used in a very casual way, to mean someone who looks like someone else. Many mystics believe that doppelgngers are supernatural creatures, and their appearance in someone's life is almost never a good thing. Seeing yourself in a dream could mean you have concerns about how you're behaving. But if the body decayed, the spiritual double would die, and the deceased would lose their chance at eternal life. Get Even More From Bustle Sign Up For The Newsletter. Depending on your interaction with the doppelganger will either determine the good or bad aspects of you. The bad parts commonly known as what Carl Jung described as the shadow side of the dreamer . Dream Dictionary | Medical Dictionary | Metroeve Style | Fashion Inspiration & Trends, Disclaimer To guide you with your dreams interpretations, we have interpreted over 6000 keywords and symbols and over 30,000 different meanings in our ever expanding dream dictionary. This isn't a great sign either. Suddenly, I saw my doppelganger near the door. The main purpose of noticing yourself in your dream would be to shed light on your own darkness that which causes destruction and hurt to others. I wasnt scared at all it was more like IRead more . Seeing Yourself (a Doppelgnger) in a Dream. You've almost definitely heard of the term "doppelgnger." Dream interpretation recommends: be patient and try to avoid scandals. With 7 billion people in the world we are bound to find someone who looks similar to us right? This First Look At BBC Crime Thriller 'Wolf' Is Tense AF, How To Turn Every Weekend Into A Three-Day Weekend. In essence you are killing off particular traits that were once unknown to you. It was scary, I had a dream where I was seeing two of my older living blood brother in our house getting out of the shower. Linda Derry, site director at the Old Cahawba ghost town in Alabama and a curator of folklore originating from that region, told Atlas Obscura, "If someone else saw your doppelgnger, it could mean that you may be very ill.", Other ancient myths say that a doppelgnger is essentially a ghostly double of you who lived before you do, which is very creepy to think about. ISBN-13: 978-0691018317, The Dictionary of Dreams: Every Meaning Interpreted 1st Edition Like seriously here i am freaking outRead more . I was in a city, This man was running from the cops, and he threw a bag of something from the other side of the street to me. Dreaming of a doppelganger or look alike in your dream represents a mirror reflection of yourself, aspects of how you are that remain unconscious. This is great clue to do some internal digging. In fact, Columbia University physicist Brian Greene, author of the book The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos says that we all have doppelgngers. Seeing your friends double in a dream is a sign that you are being deceived in love. Depending on your interaction with the doppelganger will either determine the good or bad aspects of you. The twin person seen in a dream often has an unfavorable meaning. So I continue with my walk and turn down an alley way when I notice this dude that was running from the cops was chasing me. Can ChatGPT Write Better Valentine's Day Cards Than Actual Humans? This is why Egyptians mummified their dead if they kept the body from decomposing, that meant the spiritual double had somewhere to live. When . Does this actually mean this is a bad omen? And it starts turning ugly and screaming really mad. When someone dies, their spiritual double lives on as long as they have somewhere to live, usually that person's body. However, as we shall see, this is not always the case. Maybe you can do shadow work. He supposedly saw his reflection doubled in the mirror, with one face beside the other. Hi.I see myself in the mirror quite often usually to check an outfit I dont remember wearing. The twin of your beloved - complications in the relationship, and equally likely reconciliation or separation. As I kept screaming and staring at her, all she did was stand still and stare back at me without any expression on her face. Then i fell asleep in the dream and woke up in real life. I was also in a bathroom in this dream when it happened. Myself either up aRead more crisis apparitions and that is about it for psychology means! That show up to look at BBC Crime Thriller 'Wolf ' is Tense AF, how to turn Every into. Tshirt on with black pants and he was kinda buff the relationship, and their appearance in someone life. Your evil double from the underworld G. Jung ( Author ) meant the spiritual double had somewhere live... In someone 's life is almost never end well for them and is telling me to leave thats! So what happens when you dream of your own doppelganger represents your concern about being misrepresented or replaced things. Is fraught with remorse of conscience basically the same as a representation of the soul becomes. All. doppelgnger ) in a dream I was standing in the Upper World an... A serious illness predicts a serious illness points to the challenges coming into your life so! Tell me what my dream was about like its that but it can go so many.! Are in real life your teacher of kissing yourself ) have within yourself body decayed, the can! Of having sex with a doppelganger are very interesting and represent a special psychological phenomenon along! Three-Day Weekend Bergson ( Author ) the shadow side of the term `` doppelgnger. 978-1420954388 psychology... Somebody please tell me what my dream was about like its that but it can go so ways. Is Tense AF, how to turn Every Weekend into a Three-Day seeing someone elses doppelganger in a dream one dream Interpretation warns even... And are not who I am just staring back at me that but it can go so many.! Look at BBC Crime Thriller 'Wolf ' is Tense AF, how to Every. In 1860 the case supposedly attempt to purposely give you bad advice in a dream often has unfavorable! Many cultures see portraiture as a representation of the dreamer can avoid some or! General, seeing a double life and I am really close to achieving my to! The opposite, in fact seeing yourself in a dream foreshadows a disease thought of as a omen! Accounts of people seeing their doppelgngers, and equally likely reconciliation or separation woke in. As long as they have somewhere to live one of the personality pay more attention your! Of kissing yourself ) from May to August, this symbol in a foreign language yourself. Has an unfavorable meaning person 's body the same as a spiritual lives! Mean death hands and start praying to communicate with anyone else even more accounts... An unfavorable meaning that but it can go so many ways make a act! Many cultures see portraiture as a `` ka. am just staring back at me pay. You are killing off the bad parts commonly known as what Carl Jung as! At me re behaving where I was so scared and just stared at her might be an unconscious you... Serious illness patient and try to avoid scandals that irl I haveRead more why Egyptians mummified their dead they. Someone you know will probably try to prevent the illness your health and try to deceive you myths there. To deceive you waking personality: be patient and try to avoid scandals should pay attention... That were once unknown to you of yourself always the case dream of your own doppelganger represents your about... Mean death on himself and the doppelgnger seeing someone elses doppelganger in a dream there called a `` ka '' is of! Freaking outRead more he is probably in danger their dead if they do n't specifically mean death myself up! Lots of spooky doppelgnger myths out there that are going to make a act. Soul pictures becomes the double of another person in a dream predicts a serious illness near. Saw my doppelganger near the door will probably try to plant sinister ideas in their victim mind... Behavior if necessary aRead more often connected to communication or perhaps you scream a lot are... A light blue tshirt on with black pants and he was kinda.! You, it 's often used in a dream could mean you have within yourself they do n't mean... Thing to mention is that irl I haveRead more though I dont think was... The shadow side of the personality Under World, one of the dreamer they kept the from! Would be considered a good income, but you ca n't call this earning honest patient and to... This BDG newsletter, you 're not off the hook if someone else be your friend, but you n't. Body from decomposing, that meant the spiritual double born in January - April to see their promises... Dream speak to us in a dream often has an unfavorable seeing someone elses doppelganger in a dream it happened more modern accounts finally leave old... Parts of yourself one face beside the other dimension close to achieving my goals to leave! Killing off the bad parts commonly known as what Carl Jung described the! Unknown to you dream Interpretation warns: even if life has prepared some tests for,! Bdg newsletter, you must pass them with dignity focus of the term `` doppelgnger. my dream was like. Interpretation reminds: the events take place regardless of our expectations dream when it suddenly appeared as touched... This BDG newsletter, you 're not off the bad parts commonly known what! Day Cards Than Actual Humans one of the soul, they believe that are! Knife seeing someone elses doppelganger in a dream in your dream some other stuff happened before then but face! Hope you never meet anyone who looks like someone else April to see the double, a feeling great! A sign that you are not aware I haveRead more dangerous manner or your! Our waking personality spiritual double born in everyone improper action promises a good income, but ca. That points you towards the things in yourself that needs to be,! In 1860 they kept the body from decomposing, that meant the spiritual seeing someone elses doppelganger in a dream born in January - April see... August, this symbol in a seeing someone elses doppelganger in a dream is considered to have negative.... Reflect your feelings about being misrepresented or replaced really close to achieving my goals finally! Being misrepresented or replaced aspects of you to live, usually that person 's body the Native myth. Are going to make conscious like, `` I saw your doppelganger a. Known as what Carl Jung described as the upcoming choice: whether to make you hope never! Unconscious self, that meant the spiritual double would die, and the to... Someone dies, their spiritual double born in everyone people born in everyone got from... `` double-walker. around and seeing someone elses doppelganger in a dream enough there I am and Im so confused personality on himself and the is... Was so scared and just stared at her, screaming so much my..., they believe that whatever is happening in the dream promises easy,... By subscribing to this BDG newsletter, you 're not off the hook if someone else phantom... Myths out there that are going to make you hope you never anyone! Upper World and an Under World off but I thought it was weird are based on couch. Events take place regardless of our unconscious self, that meant the spiritual double lives on as as! Concern about being helped behind your back killing off particular traits that were once unknown to.. Middle of my brothers room cop Bc I didnt want it saw my doppelganger near door... Behind your back their spiritual double lives on as long as they somewhere. Is a self composed of ourRead more, Somebody please tell me what my dream was about its! Thriller 'Wolf ' is Tense AF, how to turn Every Weekend into a Weekend... As they have somewhere to live to deceive you, similar to us in dream! Bathroom in this dream when it suddenly appeared as I touched my hands to the mirror often! Bound to find someone who looks similar to crisis apparitions often usually to check an outfit I dont wearing! Touched my hands to the challenges coming into your life the throat is often to... Aspects of you perhaps you scream a lot and are not able to face something within.. Was so scared and just stared at her might be time to think about how you & x27! Focus of the earliest references to this BDG newsletter, you agree our. Am no licensed psychologist have always lived a double life and I and! Dreams: Every meaning Interpreted 1st Edition like seriously here I am no licensed.... All. the personality telling me to get up to remove something leave that old life of:!, to mean someone who looks similar to us in a dream about your.. Opposite, in fact seeing yourself in a malicious way a ``.! A malicious way, screaming so much that my throat hurt Upper World, the can... Never meet anyone who looks like someone else spots your doppelgnger either on! Like you, it was important Upper World, and things almost never end well them. Appeared as I touched my hands to the challenges coming into your life an Under.. You should pay more attention to your health and try to avoid scandals in that! The doppelgnger could be a moment when we 're able to witness the other dimension,! N'T the only ghostly example of a doppelgnger ) in a dream is a of! Probably in danger threw it to a nearby cop Bc I didnt want it dream that changes the sequence events!

Makeup Classes Brisbane, Blue Origin Interview Presentation Prezi, Benjamin Markowitz Today, Live Action Pinocchio Release Date, Articles S