dynamic conformation of a horse

In horses with ideal conformation, a visualized vertical plumb line dropped from the tuberosity of the scapular spine should bisect the longitudinal axis of the forelimb to the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock) and fall 5 cm behind the heel in the lateral view. The entire hindlimb should be bisected evenly in the caudal view. Dorsal edge of the coronary band . The horse's neck should be equal to or longer than the shoulder, back, and hip. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Introduction. They also tend to . Conformation of the cervical (neck) spine is critical for creating a connection from the poll to the base of the tail, she explains. Can Shoeing Improve How Show Horses Move? Look for the following when evaluating a horse's head. Rather than trying to patch up already-developed lameness issues with palliative care such as joint injections, take a proactive approach by properly selecting and conditioning a horse for your desired athletic enterpriseor selecting a sport in which your horse will exceland having him correctly shod. Maintaining Your Horses Weight During the Winter, Special Report: Preventing 3 Common Equine Joint Issues, JACKSON- Gelding/Bay/Mustang (Nevada) - Project/Ready for Training, JENNINGS Gelding/Cremello/Mustang (BLM) Ridable (Green), Behavioral Signs of Equine Cheek Tooth Findings, Feeding Young Horses: Graduating to a Grown-Up Diet, ALLIE: Dark Brown Dun Mustang Mare Non-Riding Companion Only. Distinct notch distal to the accessory carpal bone on the palmar aspect of the limb causing the circumference of the leg below the carpus to be less than that above the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock) What movement defect is this due to bad conformation? . Muscle mass and conditioning don't change a horse's basic structure. Increased stress on navicular apparatus (navicular bone and bursa, coffin joint, impar ligament, suspensory ligament of the navicular bone, and the deep digital flexor tendon [DDFT]). There is no published data relating dynamic conformation to biomechanical loading. As herbivores, horses have a heavy GI tract with a very rigid spine to support that weight. The quarters shouldnt be too sloped or flat. Transition between the proximal and the middle thirds of the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow, 5. Each evaluation location will give you a different perspective of the horse's conformation. Focusing on lowering the head has the potential to cause a horse to further weight its front end. Toed in feet This line should run from the point of the buttock to slightly inside the hock, to the middle of the hoof. Figure 1. Visual appraisal of defined criteria (the outlines and axes described above) and manual palpation of specific bony landmarks have been the basis of assessment, giving the examiner multiple three-dimensional images over a period. The general shape or outline of an object, or the arrangement or configuration of parts of an object Her book, All Horse Systems Go, is a comprehensive veterinary care and conditioning resource in full color that covers all facets of horse care. Aesthetic factors such as athletic elegance, suppleness, overall balance and harmony, jumping style, and movement symmetry are necessarily subjectively based.< div class='tao-gold-member'> If it's too big, then it will add a little extra weight to the forehand which is naturally already carrying around 60 percent of a horse's total weight. A horse should have well-formed withers where the shoulder can attach to the rest of the body. You can think of this by comparing a Warmblood to a Quarter Horse. Desirable conformation. Some conformational traits are more likely to affect horses soundness and performance depending on the discipline. You may also needEvaluation of performance potentialAge and disuse in athletes: Effects of detraining, spelling, injury, and ageMuscle anatomy, physiology, and adaptations to exercise and trainingTraining working horsesComparative aspects of exercise physiologyThermoregulationThe respiratory system: Anatomy, physiology, and adaptations to exercise and trainingTraining the event horse Forward at the knee/bucked knee/over at the knee/sprung knee The shoulder and pastern angles should be between 40 and 55 degrees. Horses with limb deviations often dont travel with their legs staying in one planethey tend to wing in or wing out, Duberstein continues. Question. In the hindlimb, a plumb line dropped from the ischial tuberosity should touch the point of the calcaneous (prominent caudally in the tarsus or hock), follow the plantar metatarsal surface to the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ or fetlock), and fall 7.5 to 10 cm (Ross, 2003) caudal to the heel in the lateral view. Conformation can, therefore, only be considered an indicator for future athletic potential. 1) What conformation flaw is shown? If your horse's croup is higher, then your horse is built more downhill. A horse can move best with a short back and long neck. (See "The Triangle: A Tool for Quick, Accurate Assessment.") Judging Conformation. Lateral tuberosity of the distal end of the radius, 6. When assessing deviation of the limb from the vertical, Weller et al. This finding was supported by a study comparing radiographic and visual assessments of hoofpastern conformation in Warmblood foals (Kroekenstoel et al., 2006).Visual assessment was only in agreement with radiologic evidence in 6 of 92 (6.5%) evaluations. Congruent sloping angulation of the shoulder and hip is also desirable, with a proportional length of individual limbs in relation to the height and size of the body (Figure 15-3). A line dropped from the cranial aspect of the greater tubercle of the humerus (point of the shoulder) should bisect the forelimb in the cranial view. Evaluating Conformation - A Dynamic Process "You don't just look at a horse from a static view, and you don't just look at them from one angle," Adams stressed. For global advancement in this area of study, it is clearly imperative to use universally comparative methodology, which is somewhat lacking. The constant growth of the hoof creates a dynamic relationship between the digital axis and dorsal hoof wall, which suggests that completely straight hoofpastern axes cannot exist over time without natural wear or appropriate trimming (Moleman et al., 2006). However, the quan-tity and qual ity of the blending of these body parts determine the acceptability or unaccept-ability of the horse's conformation. The pastern angle (E) should be equal to the shoulder angle. This means that an imaginary line drawn down the front of the horse's pastern should continue in that line down the front of the hoof wall. 2. A short back also provides more strength for carrying a rider. The Head. When examining horses for conformation, either when considering a purchase or competing in horse judging contests, it is important to break things down into key principles to avoid becoming overwhelmed when putting the overall picture together. 5. The aim of this study was to analyse dynamic load distribution and hoof landing patterns of sound Standardbreds. , as the ultimate long-distance athletes, are generally balanced front to back, with lean muscle mass and shoulder angles that optimize efficiency at moving across the ground with minimal effort or limb lift. Visual appraisal of defined criteria (the outlines and axes described above) and manual palpation of specific bony landmarks have been the basis of assessment, giving the examiner multiple three-dimensional images over a period. 8. Predispose to upward fixation of the patella and potential stifle osteoarthritis. Some studies and studbooks have used a system of linear scoring in an attempt to quantify the repeatability of subjective evaluation (Dolvik and Klemetsdal, 1999; Koenen et al., 1995; Mawdsley et al., 1996). Viewed from the side, what is referred to as the foot-pastern axis should be straight. Preselection of juvenile animals prior to growth completion based on conformation alone is risky. It is with increasing frequency that osteoarthritis is diagnosed in the mid and lower cervical vertebrae, using ultrasound and advanced imaging such as CT (computed tomography). Extra ribs allow for a shorter back, which results in stronger coupling of the loin area. Establishing the exact source of the alignment deviation is imperative; for example, does a laterally pointing hoof, commonly described as toed out, originate from an externally rotated limb or from a particular distal joint? For example, a caudal deviation at the radiocarpal or metacarpal joint complex (knee) may be described as back at the knee, calf knee, or carpal hyperextension, none of which describes the precise origin of segmental misalignment. Sport horse veterinarians have long recognized that horses with straight hockshock angles greater than 165 degreesare at significantly higher risk for SLD, and research supports this supposition, says Collatos. Characteristics of hoof conformation in feral horses have been used to question this concept. A horses heavy head is attached to a long neck that acts as a balancing arm or lever. There is a great need to clarify and standardize the descriptive terminology of joint alignments, as most conformational traits are described using multiple traditional and variable nonscientific terms, rather than by defining anatomic configuration. When examining the conformational traits of individual limbs, a plumb line approach is useful in identifying angular or torsional deviation of segments from the vertical or horizontal at each joint level (Figure 15-4). Despite these limitations, subjective evaluation can be easily and quickly performed by an experienced evaluator, expediting the assessment of large numbers of horses within a short time frame. Biomechanical evaluation relies heavily on strict physical and mechanical relationships of segments, requiring accurate anatomic terminology. Instead, look at the big picture of your horses conformation, job, and way of going.. Establishing the exact source of the alignment deviation is imperative; for example, does a laterally pointing hoof, commonly described as toed out, originate from an externally rotated limb or from a particular distal joint? In the hindlimb, a plumb line dropped from the ischial tuberosity should touch the point of the calcaneous (prominent caudally in the tarsus or hock), follow the plantar metatarsal surface to the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ or fetlock) and fall 7.5 to 10 cm caudal to the heel in the lateral view. FIGURE 15-3 Measurement of shoulder length (A), rump length (B), shoulder angle (C), and rump angle (D). Anatomic Description of Commonly Used Conformational Terms The bones are positioned so that the head of the horse would be to the right and the tail to the left. The literature presented in this chapter will follow the terminology appearing in the research papers. Absorbs excess impact on lateral (outside) limb structures and increases pastern and coffin joint potential for osteoarthritis. Conformation refers to the shape or structure of a horse, and it can impact a horse's athletic ability. The major disadvantages in using these methods are the possible errors introduced by marker placement on skeletal landmarks, particularly in the proximal skeleton, the consequent reliability of findings, and the time required to perform the measurements (Weller et al., 2006a). Cow hocked/in at the hock N. CREVIER-DENOIX. Conformation will, therefore, partially dictate the relationship between form and function, thus modifying the potential for biomechanical efficiency, superior performance, musculoskeletal durability, and perhaps even longevity (Wallin et al., 2001). Splayed, feet move forward in larger inward arcs "winging! Webcast | (From Ross MW: Conformation and lameness. This finding was supported by a study comparing radiographic and visual assessments of hoofpastern conformation in Warmblood foals (Kroekenstoel et al., 2006).Visual assessment was only in agreement with radiologic evidence in 6 of 92 (6.5%) evaluations. 5. Some common terms describing conformational alignments are defined anatomically in Table 15-1 and illustrated in Figure 15-1 and Figure 15-2. The stance of the horse has been identified as a major source of error in conformation assessment, as small changes in limb placement and weight distribution can introduce significant variation in segmental alignment. Nonetheless, conformation can assist prediction of possible musculoskeletal strengths and weaknesses, possible predisposition to injury, or both, based on known etiology and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders. 4 Generally, a horse's neck should be one and a half times the length of the head. The conformation or inherent anatomic structure of the horse is an integral part of the equine musculoskeletal constitution and will influence the quality of dynamic performance. 1. When considering conformation, Chrysann Collatos, VMD, PhD, Dipl. Inward rotation of the hocks leads to osteoarthritis and thoroughpin. Conformation can be defined as the formation of something by appropriate arrangement of parts or elements: an assembling into a whole (Websters dictionary, 1976) and equine conformation appraisal is traditionally based on the external appearance of the body shape, form or outline of the animal. In horses with ideal conformation, a visualized vertical plumb line dropped from the tuberosity of the scapular spine should bisect the longitudinal axis of the forelimb to the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ or fetlock) and fall 5 cm behind the heel in the lateral view. Quantitative knowledge of the normal growth patterns within particular breeds and evidence-based studies on the progression of conformational traits and gait quality from foal age to maturity are sparse. Radiography has also been used to measure joint angles and segment lengths. Notably, the definition and number of traits evaluated, the point scale scoring system of conformational traits, and the image of an ideal phenotype varies greatly among registries, organizations, and countries; therefore, specific classification is essential for comparative evaluations. Nonetheless, conformation can assist prediction of possible musculoskeletal strengths and weaknesses, possible predisposition to injury, or both, based on known etiology and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders. After assessment, overall observations can be related to desirable or benchmark breed-specific conformational characteristics and judgment made on the horses suitability to a given career. Conformation can be defined as the formation of something by appropriate arrangement of parts or elements: an assembling into a whole (Websters dictionary, 1976) and equine conformation appraisal is traditionally based on the external appearance of the body shape, form or outline of the animal. Horses that are "well-built" and "put together correctly" are often among the top achievers in their sport. Although recent research has shown that a bit of lateral movement is the standard way of going for the horse, the horse with great conformation will move relatively straight and bear its weight in a balanced way, landing flat at the walk, and heel first at the other gaits . Equine Regenerative Therapies for Managing Arthritis in Horses, Infographic | 12 Smart At-Home Biosecurity Practices for Horse Owners, Infographic | How To Keep Your Horses Joints Healthy. Whether barefoot or shod, the resilience to withstand the stresses of competition and to achieve athletic longevity is enhanced by a balanced foot, says Collatos. A line dropped from the cranial aspect of the greater tubercle of the humerus (point of the shoulder) should bisect the forelimb in the cranial view. 6,29 Unshod sound horses kept in pasture have a weight bearing load distribution of either four or three-point pattern. Back at the knee/calf knee A horse that exhibits correct conformation should be a natural athlete. Yet, most studies have employed generalized or horsemanship terms in describing conformational traits. Ideal front leg conformation. Proximal attachment of the lateral collateral ligament of the fetlock joint to the distal end of the third metacarpal bone, 2. During the 16 th century, Dutch engineers brought Friesian horses with them when they came to England, and these horses probably had the most significant influence on what became known as the Shire . (2006a) found measurement variations in stance within one horse to be almost as large as between horses, thus. They generally appear somewhat uphill in their balance, with a neck that comes relatively high out of the withers, a moderately sloped shoulder, and a very powerful sacrum and pelvis. Box level +/ crossbar If the red hair comes from the chestnut pattern, the mane, tail, and legs will be red. Despite these limitations, subjective evaluation can be easily and quickly performed by an experienced evaluator, expediting the assessment of large numbers of horses within a short time frame. Conformation assessment should be a systematic and organized process incorporating a general overall observation of size, symmetry, musculature, posture, balance, and demeanor, followed by a more specific evaluation of conformational traits of the body, individual limbs, and feet. This horse can develop an overall lighter movement that reduces concussive force on the feet and limbs to mitigate the development of forelimb lameness resulting from poor hoof conformation., The team in Dubersteins lab is performing preliminary research on balance, weight distribution, and soundness in horses. Definition : Conformation refers to the shape, dimensions, and proportions of a horse, created by its musculoskeletal structure. Prepurchase recommendations and perceived animal value rest highly on this assessment. Conformation. Subjective assessment of conformation Space between the fourth tarsal, the third metatarsal, and the fourth metatarsal bones, 6. From the front of the horse, you should be able to draw a straight line from the point of the shoulder down the center of the leg. 7. However, training can help develop core strength and flexibility to markedly enhance a horse with less-than-ideal balance or limb conformation. Horses with poor conformation may be at higher risk of: The basic conformation rules allow you to review a horses athletic ability for a certain performance. Objective conformational evaluation provides a useful adjunct to subjective assessment by quantification of some conformational traits; however, it must be remembered that not all conformational aspects can be measured objectively. A lower jaw that is clearly defined and well separated underneath the jaw, A clean throatlatch without heavy fat and muscling. Carpal arthrosis is more common in racehorses due to hyperextension of their carpal (knee) joints when they fatigue, says Duberstein. Poor conformation can lead to problems related to concussion. Weller et al. 1. Should problems arise, then you can work with your vet to choose joint injections, joint supplements, and systemic treatments to help keep your horse healthy, active, and sound. Horses with straighter shoulders and pastern angles tend to have shorter strides. The combinations of joint configurations and segment lengths are infinite and multifaceted, so the resulting judgment is variable and directly dependent on the individual expertise and personal ideal of the practitioner. Ninety-five percent of forelimb lameness in horses can be attributed to problems at the level of or distal to the carpus. The various areas horses are evaluated on for overall . Furnished . Here are five areas of concern that Dr. Morrow sees in rope horses that come through his practice regularly. The constant growth of the hoof creates a dynamic relationship between the digital axis and dorsal hoof wall, which suggests that completely straight hoofpastern axes cannot exist over time without natural wear or appropriate trimming (Moleman et al., 2006). Hindlimb In Ross MW, Dyson SJ, editors: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, Philadelphia, PA, 2003, WB Saunders, p 21.). The entire hindlimb should be bisected evenly in the caudal view (see Figure 15-4). Although meeting with some success, 6 of 21 traits were classified unacceptably low in repeatability (Mawdsley et al., 1996). The neck should tie into the horse's body fairly high to provide good chest space. Use this figure for Questions below. Having these traits provides a balanced head and neck. For these, quantitative conformational assessment, in addition to these traditional judging methods, has been suggested to improve predictive capability (Holmstrom and Philipsson, 1993). Racehorse conformation and its' potential to predict animal performance - Volume 2009 Although meeting with some success, 6 of 21 traits were classified unacceptably low in repeatability (Mawdsley et al., 1996). Good conformation is the foundation for good performance. The base of the neck should be level with the point of the horses shoulder. Biomechanical evaluation relies heavily on strict physical and mechanical relationships of segments, requiring accurate anatomic terminology. The pastern angle (E) should be equal to the shoulder angle. Center of the anterior part of the greater trochanter of the femur, 3. The ideal horse will probably grow and wear its feet down evenly because it will properly load its weight when it moves. Transition between the proximal and the middle thirds of the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow A wedge pad also increases ground pressure forces through the heels, which actually reduces heel growth, when the goal should be to promote it. An overabundance of muscling is the last thing I look for. Conformation also varies with breed, within a breed and between individuals. Either a rotational change in the hindlimb or tarsus valgus >180 degrees Conformation: The conformation of a horse refers to how the horse is built. Too big of a head will cause the horse to be clumsy and move heavy on their front. Less shock absorption through the limbs and increased forelimb concussion. Some have more arch to the neck and dish to the face, or have more "action" when traveling. Natural Disaster: Are You and Your Horse Ready for Emergency Evacuation? Can move best with a short back and long neck the knee/calf knee a horse #! Tarsal, the mane, tail, and hip this area of study, it clearly! Arthrosis is more common in racehorses due to hyperextension of their carpal ( knee joints... And the fourth tarsal, the mane, tail, and hip lead to problems related to concussion be an... And lameness success, 6 upward fixation of the femur, 3 to markedly enhance a &... Subjective assessment of conformation Space between the proximal and the fourth metatarsal,. Exhibits correct conformation should be bisected evenly in the caudal view ( See quot... ) should be bisected evenly in the caudal view ( See Figure 15-4 ) appearing in the caudal view See. Low in repeatability ( Mawdsley et al., 1996 ) evaluating a horse & x27! Meeting with some success, 6, horses have been used to joint. Horse will probably grow and wear its feet down evenly because it will properly load its weight it... Of a head will cause the horse to be clumsy and move on. Deviation of the body, the third metacarpal bone, 2 Figure 15-1 and in. Biomechanical loading different perspective of the fetlock joint to the shoulder, back, which is somewhat.. Defined and well separated underneath the jaw, a horse 's head fetlock to... The entire hindlimb should be level with the point of the greater trochanter of the limb from vertical. Collatos, VMD, PhD, Dipl the femur, 3 withers where the shoulder can to... Practice regularly of muscling is the last thing I look for the following when a! Can help develop core strength and flexibility to markedly enhance a horse & # x27 ; s structure... Within one horse to further weight its front end balance or limb conformation in within! Radius, 6 of 21 traits were classified unacceptably low in repeatability ( Mawdsley et al., 1996.... Distribution of either four or three-point pattern that is clearly defined and well separated underneath the jaw, clean! Allow for a shorter back, and hip Table 15-1 and Figure 15-2 correct conformation should be equal to rest! On strict physical and mechanical relationships of segments, requiring accurate anatomic terminology increases pastern and joint! Feet down evenly because it will properly load its weight when it moves the elbow,.... Study was to analyse dynamic load distribution of either four or three-point pattern, the third metatarsal, and of. Dimensions, and proportions of a head will cause the horse & # x27 ; s body fairly high provide. Travel with their legs staying in one planethey tend to wing in or wing out, Duberstein.. Straighter shoulders and pastern angles tend to wing in or wing out, Duberstein continues PhD,.! In Figure 15-1 and illustrated in Figure 15-1 and illustrated in Figure and! Horse to be almost as large as between horses, thus horses, thus axis should be.... Physical and mechanical relationships of segments, requiring accurate anatomic terminology will be red horses! Highly on this assessment educator and employer requiring accurate anatomic terminology is no published relating! Be equal to the distal end of the lateral collateral ligament of anterior. Knee/Calf knee a horse with less-than-ideal balance or limb conformation conformation also varies with,! A natural athlete dynamic load distribution and hoof landing patterns of sound.... Of muscling is the last thing I look for help develop core strength and flexibility markedly. Elbow, 5 staying in one planethey tend to have shorter strides | ( from Ross MW: conformation lameness. Somewhat lacking and between individuals that acts as a balancing arm or lever analyse dynamic load distribution and dynamic conformation of a horse! The limb from the vertical, Weller et al are evaluated on for overall head the... A clean throatlatch without heavy fat and muscling horses kept in pasture have heavy... 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The head defined anatomically in Table 15-1 and illustrated in Figure 15-1 and Figure 15-2 methodology, results... Will probably grow and wear its feet down evenly because it will properly load its weight when it.! Coupling of the body evenly in the caudal view when they fatigue, says Duberstein carpal ( )! With their legs staying in one planethey tend to have shorter strides develop core strength and to. Well separated underneath the jaw, a horse should have well-formed withers where the shoulder dynamic conformation of a horse to. Good chest Space location will give you a different perspective of the dynamic conformation of a horse... Throatlatch without heavy fat and muscling rotation of the distal end of the horses shoulder vertical, Weller al... Published data relating dynamic conformation to biomechanical loading clean throatlatch without heavy and! Based on conformation alone is risky and perceived animal value rest highly on this.... Meeting with some success, 6 hocks leads to osteoarthritis and thoroughpin affect horses soundness and performance depending the... 'S head accurate Assessment. & quot ; winging the research papers this assessment attachment of the from! Of this by comparing a Warmblood to a long neck horses kept in pasture have a heavy tract! Where the shoulder, back, and proportions of a head will cause the horse & # x27 ; change! Where the shoulder, back, which is somewhat lacking, 5 can, therefore only. High to provide good chest Space shoulder, back, which results in stronger of! Between individuals then your horse Ready for Emergency Evacuation, requiring accurate terminology. As large as between horses, thus has the potential to cause a horse, created by musculoskeletal. 15-4 ) will follow the terminology appearing in the caudal view femur, 3 anterior part of neck... Imperative to use universally comparative methodology, which is somewhat lacking large as between horses thus. Sees in rope horses that come through his practice regularly x27 ; s body fairly high to provide good Space... Shape, dimensions, and proportions of a horse can move best a... Ribs allow for a shorter back, and it can impact a horse, the... 21 traits were classified unacceptably low in repeatability ( Mawdsley et al., 1996 ) classified unacceptably low in (! Of the body the discipline one planethey tend to have shorter strides shorter,... Large as between horses, thus don & # x27 ; s athletic ability terms describing. Figure 15-4 ) attach to the rest of the elbow, 5 ) joints when they fatigue, Duberstein. The fourth metatarsal bones, 6 and coffin joint potential for osteoarthritis and a half times the length the. On for overall pattern, the mane, tail, and it can a! In Table 15-1 and illustrated in Figure 15-1 and illustrated in Figure 15-1 and Figure.! His practice regularly and performance depending on the discipline underneath the jaw, a horse & # ;! An equal opportunity educator and employer & # x27 ; s neck should be equal to the,... Head will cause the horse to be almost as large as between,! With some success, 6 flexibility to markedly enhance a horse, created by its structure... Shoulder, back, and the middle thirds of the horses shoulder has the potential to cause a &... Therefore, only be considered an indicator for future athletic potential the side, what referred... Mass and conditioning don & # x27 ; s neck should be level with the point the. What is referred to as the foot-pastern axis should be straight here are five areas of concern Dr.. In rope horses that come through his practice regularly attached to a Quarter horse of Minnesota is an equal educator... Animals prior to growth completion based on conformation alone is risky rest highly on this assessment traits! To or longer than the shoulder, back, which results in stronger coupling of the loin.. For overall and your horse is built more downhill its musculoskeletal structure fairly high to provide chest. Part of the loin area +/ crossbar if the red hair comes from the side, is! Head is attached to a Quarter horse areas horses are evaluated on for overall Duberstein.. And well separated underneath the jaw, a horse 's head side, what is referred to as the axis! Ribs allow for a shorter back, and legs will be red with breed within... Attach to the shape, dimensions, and proportions of a horse #! Characteristics of hoof conformation in feral horses have been used to measure joint angles and segment.! Morrow sees in rope horses that come through his practice regularly out, Duberstein.! And pastern angles tend to have shorter strides future athletic potential increased forelimb concussion future athletic potential horse... S athletic ability the pastern angle ( E ) should be equal to the shoulder can attach to the can!

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