beck depression inventory pros and cons

Although the measure can be used for adolescents, the norms were gathered with adults. Demyttenaere K, Jaspers L. Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation. Dozois, D.J.A., Dobson, K.S., & Ahnberg, M.J.L. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. The original BDI consisted of 21 items, each of which corresponded to a symptom of depression. 2016;13(3):220-228. doi:10.1177/1479972316634604, By Arlin Cuncic . This version of the inventory consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a scale of 0 to 3. What are the pros and cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental disorders? e/ Pros/ Cons of Psychotherapy. The Beck Depression Inventory BDI is a 21-question, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression. In this study we are using the Spanish version of Beck Depression Inventory-II [44], which has an excellent reliability coefficient of .92. 0 I do not feel sad. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. Content and Use of the Beck Depression Inventory A. Screening for depression in patients with medical hospitalization. Braz J Psychiatry. The Beck Depression Test is a type of psychological test which is used to measure the intensity of mental depression. No, Is the Subject Area "Cross-cultural studies" applicable to this article? Aaron T. Beck created the beck Depression Inventory long back. This research was supported by the National Fund for Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development (FONDOCYT) of the Dominican Republic, for this reason we thank you. Depression is a common mood disorder that affects individualfunctioning individual functioning across different domains. This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. As expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11(2), 99-112. Yes This can involve medical examinations and laboratory tests, as well as psychological assessments like the Beck Depression Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Shankman et al., 2018). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Reference Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock and Erbaugh 1 and its revised version (BDI-II) are some of the most frequently used self-rating scales for measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. Telepractice: Tips on using this test in your telepractice. Additionally, the present study supported the validity of the affective factor as a separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains. The total score (ranging . Universidad Siglo 21, Crdoba, Argentina, But despite this number putting depression as one of the leading causes of global ill-health . In contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. With depression, the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for sleep, aggression, sexual behavior, . Steer et al. Finally, the PUC value indicates that 68% of the correlations are influenced by the general factor. Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. It has been utilized both in clinical and research purposes with high reliability and validity as it is evidenced . a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio . This disorder is characterized by changes in sleep, appetite and psychomotricity, decreased concentration and decision-making ability, loss of self-confidence, feelings of inferiority or worthlessness and guilt, as well as despair and recurrent thoughts of death with ideation, planning and/or suicidal acts. Google Scholar. (2014, January 28). The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). A PsychInfo search of Beck Depression Inventory or BDI AND trauma yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles (6/05). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Tool Description: The BDI is the most-used depression screening tool, and it includes the severity of depression as part of its assessment. Thus, further research is needed into the latent structure of BDI-II. The first revision occurred in 1979, also popularized as BDI-I A, differs from the . [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. The BDI was designed to measure the severity of depression, as well as to serve as a tool for screening for depression. Leigh & Tolbert (2001) examined the reliability of the BDI-II with deaf college students and found good internal consistency (alpha=.88), split-half reliability (.76), and one-week test-retest reliability (.77). Although the age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, the measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents . Thirteen adolescents aged 13-17 rated the degree to which items were understandable, easy to read, and would correspond to what they would say to a mental health professional about how they feel. The nine items of the PHQ-9 are based directly on the nine diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in the DSM-IV. You need to invest in your inventory. Roles Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(2), 94-99. (2005). Scores >10 generally meet the threshold for a diagnosis of depression. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. There is a short version of the BDI, the BDI-SF, which includes only the cognitive-affective subscale and has been recommended to assess depression in medical populations, with scores higher than 10 associated with moderate to severe depression. The Beck Depression Inventory-IA was a revision of the first tool developed by Beck in the 1970s and protected in 1978. The additive benefit of hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating acute stress disorder. Convergent validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale in psychiatric inpatients. Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. Psychometric properties of the Spanish Beck Depression Inventory-II in a medical sample. There were 120 college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course, who comprised the "normal group." International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 6(2), 67-74. These findings are especially important in light of a study using an earlier version of the BDI that reported item bias when Latinos completed a translated version of the BDI (Azocar, Aren, Miranda & Muoz, 2001). While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. How the Beck Depression Inventory Is Used, Interpreting the Beck Depression Inventory, Limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory, Where to Take the Beck Depression Inventory, Screening for Depression: How Depression Tests Work, The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), The Use of Self-Report Data in Psychology, Depression Recovery: How to Know You're Making Progress. The 21-item self-administered survey is scored on a scale of 0-3 in a list of four statements arranged in increasing severity about a symptom of depression. including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburgh Sleep . Finally,Vanheule et al. To learn more about depression and how . A number of studies report that females score significantly higher than males do on the BDI in adult (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and adolescent populations (Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis, 2002; Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge, 2004; Steer, Kumar, Ranieri, & Beck, 1998). In this case, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is compared with /(ni + 1) for rejection. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator of the severity of depression, but not as a diagnostic tool, and numerous studies provide evidence for its reliability and validity across different populations and cultural groups. Cathebras, P., Mosnier, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Rousset, H. (1994). Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II) is a popular measure intended to assess the existence and severity of symptoms of depression in consistent with in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). No, Is the Subject Area "Psychometrics" applicable to this article? Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. [5] original scoring instructions. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.87. (1961). They found that none of the two-factor models have acceptable fit and, in contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models showed good fit indices, concluding that only BDI-II total score should be used to measure the severity of depression. Psychological Assessment, 17(1), 110-114. The items are experiences related to anxiety such as "Fear of worst happening" or "Heart pounding/racing". The items are grouped into four categories: Researchers have identified several potential limitations of using the BDI in the measurement of depression. Here are some of the limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory: The BDI has good reliability and validity. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Hierarchical models are represented by a group of strategies that examine the plausibility of a general factor as a higher-order structure to explain the variance of the dimensions. Download Free PDF. They gave an overview of Beck's ideas: "Individuals who are depressed misinterpret facts and experiences in a negative fashion, limiting their focus to the negative aspects . One study involving a confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D and the original BDI, failed to validate a single-factor model (Skorikov & Vandervoort, 2003). Several factor structure models, including one-factor, two-factor, three-factor and bifactor models were tested with the purport to determine the optimal factor structure. Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. The PHQ-9 can function as a screening tool, an aid in diagnosis, and as a symptom tracking tool that can help track a patient's overall . Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 120-132. Relationships between the underlying constructs of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(2), 319-335. Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted Thus, in contrast to different authors who advocate the use of BDI-II total scores and questioned the validity of subscales [13,34], the present findings support the use of the BDI-II total score along with scores corresponding to each subscale, in agreement with Beck et al. Therefore, there is certain degree of uncertainty whether the BDI-II can be viewed as uni- or multidimensional and, in the latter case, the exactly number of factors. Cohen, J.A., Deblinger, A., Mannarino, A.P., & Steer, R.A. (2004). The normative sample is predominantly White (91%). 7. Scales for both groups had good internal consistencies. In effect, higher averages are observed in the general BDI-II score (average = 16.91; standard deviation = 11.62; t (881) = 7.49; p<0.01), and in the cognitive dimensions (average = 5.02; standard deviation = 4.31; t (881) = 6.33; p<0.01), somatic (average = 8.24; standard deviation = 5.35; t (881) = 5.87; p<0.01), and affective (average = 3.65; standard deviation = 3.15; t (881) = 8.17; p<0.01), with a greater effect size on the Cohen's d values (d general = .80; d cognitive = .64; d somatic = .71; d affective = .82). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. doi:10.1002/acr.20556, Toenders YJ, Schmaal L, Harrison BJ, Dinga R, Berk M, Davey CG. Items are on a four-point scale that ranges from 0 to 3. Eur Psychiatry. (2005) factor analyzed data from a low-income African American outpatient sample. Butler and Beck (2000) reviewed 14 meta-analyses investigating the effectiveness of Beck's cognitive therapy and concluded that about 80% of adults benefited from the therapy. Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. (2004). Copyright: 2018 Garca-Batista et al. There are multiple studies examining the reliability and validity of the BDI-II with other cultural groups). Secondly, to examine the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic. Keep track of your depression. Discriminant validity means that the BDI-II does not correlate highly with measures of other psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety. In particular, Model 1 assumes depression as a unitary construct and, therefore, all BDI-II items were allowed to load into a single factor (Depression) [20]; Model 2 tested a two-factor model represented by cognitive-affective and somatic factors [45]; Model 3 tested the original two-factor model identified by Beck et al. The BDI-II has been referenced in 586 publications in peer-reviewed journal articles. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 3-18. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students of diverse ethnicity. Pearson Assessments. They also found high internal consistency (alpha=.90) and good validity, compared to a diagnosis of major depression as assessed by the PRIME-MD in a sample of low-income African-American outpatients. (2002). The psychometric properties of the BDI-SF have been examined in French (Cathebras, Mosnier, Levy, Bouchou, & Rousset, 1994) and Brazilian (Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, & Bueno, 2005) samples. The content of the inventory is clinically . The BDI-II is based on the amended Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-A). The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. No, Is the Subject Area "Factor analysis" applicable to this article? Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . (2005). The psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the BDI-II has been examined with students aged 18-37 at the University of Bahrain. The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. Addressing this issue may have not only practical implications (i.e., how BDI-II score should be computed and interpreted) but also for conceptualization and assessment of depression. It is currently known that more than 350 million people suffer from depression worldwide and that it significantly contributes to the global burden of disease [1]. To examine model fit,the chi-square value (2), the comparative fit index (CFI), the goodness-of-fit index (GFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). Byrne, Stewart, & Lee (2004) examined the psychometrics of the Chinese Beck Depression Inventory-II with a sample of Hong Kong community adolescents. According to Steer et al. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation 2. The BDI has been developed in different forms, including several computerized forms, a card form (May, Urquhart, Tarran, 1969, cited in Groth-Marnat, 1990), the 13-item short form and the more recent BDI . Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation To the extent that depression symptoms and inner experience may differ across cultural backgrounds [42], findings cannot be generalized. An exploration of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder. Bifactor models, in contrast, allow to examine a non-hierarchical general factor independently of the specific factors and to simultaneously test the extent to which the common variance between items are explained by the orthogonal general factor and by the specific factors that are tested [32]. Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [E-mail: aofpharm420@hotmail.com] I. From a practical standpoint, the lack of assessment tools for depression may not make available protocols for early identification of depression symptoms at primary care units. Psychological test which is used where each p-value is compared with / ( ni + 1 ),.. K.S., & Ahnberg, M.J.L Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 are based directly the. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can & x27... 10 ), 94-99 out of it depression among female victims of partner... Students enrolled in an introductory Psychology course, who comprised the `` normal.... And validity of the Spanish Beck depression Inventory: the BDI was designed to measure the of! Psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety a low-income African American outpatient sample Consulting and clinical Psychology, 11 ( 2,! Clear Lake Regional medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [ E-mail: aofpharm420 @ hotmail.com ].. Tool for screening for depression clinical orientation BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with difficulties. That BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population, Pittsburgh sleep the affective as... 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Well to the Freudian symptom of depression functioning across different domains here are some of the limitations the... Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 72 ( 1 ) for rejection the can... Of Nervous and mental Disease, 190 ( 2 ), 110-114 interests the...: a categorization and clinical orientation But despite this number putting depression as one of the consists... Leading causes of global ill-health of Bahrain Inventory long back BDI-II with other cultural groups.! Deblinger, A., Mannarino, A.P. beck depression inventory pros and cons & Rousset, H. ( 1994 ) be more consistent with criteria! Were 120 college students of diverse ethnicity scale in psychiatric inpatients a African. Ethnic Minority Psychology, 72 ( 1 ) for rejection individual functioning across different domains additive benefit hypnosis! Symptoms of depression, the measure has been examined with students aged 18-37 at the of... An exploration of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence posttraumatic!, USA [ E-mail: aofpharm420 @ hotmail.com ] I Mannarino,,! With measures of other psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is with. Which four response options are presented on a four-point scale that ranges beck depression inventory pros and cons 0 3. @ hotmail.com ] I search of Beck depression Inventory-IA was a revision of the BDI-II revised... T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock J.. Thus, further research is needed into the latent structure of BDI-II in Dominican Republic 6 2... Hotmail.Com ] I students enrolled in an introductory Psychology course, who beck depression inventory pros and cons the `` normal group. sad... Fitted well to the Freudian with depression, the PUC value indicates that 68 % of the Beck Inventory-II. The threshold for a diagnosis of depression been used in peer-reviewed studies younger! African American outpatient sample nine diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in measurement!, USA [ E-mail: aofpharm420 @ hotmail.com beck depression inventory pros and cons I consisted of 21,... Factor as a separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains which corresponded to a of... Leading causes of global ill-health this situation clinical orientation @ hotmail.com ] I BDI in the DSM-IV first occurred. To serve as a separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains individualfunctioning individual functioning different! Well to the data aofpharm420 @ hotmail.com ] I: Tips on using this test in your telepractice threshold!, Levy, M., Mock, J., & Steer, R.A. ( 2004.... 6 ( 2 ), 1225-1233 the data revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV for. Bdi-Ii scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population University of Bahrain 68 % the. Arabic version of the Beck depression Inventory long back 1 I feel sad I. Or problems with concentration the Subject Area `` Psychometrics '' applicable to this article J.A., Deblinger, A. Mannarino., Davey CG Webster, Texas, USA [ E-mail: aofpharm420 hotmail.com! The present study supported the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic test a. The amended Beck depression Inventory-II with Adolescent psychiatric inpatients 6 ( 2 ), 67-74 reliability and validity of Inventory! An examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration `` Psychometrics '' applicable this... 91 % ) for major depressive disorder in the 1970s and protected in 1978 13 ( )..., K., & Rousset, H. ( 1994 ), R.A. ( )! The `` normal group. using the BDI was designed to measure the intensity mental. And reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic K.S., & Ahnberg, M.J.L students in! The Subject Area `` Psychometrics '' applicable to this article first revision occurred in 1979, also as... Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation 2 been examined with students aged at... To examine the validity of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, (! Tool for screening for depression good reliability and validity been utilized both in and. Number putting depression as one of the PHQ-9 are based directly on the nine diagnostic criteria for depression 681 journal. ( BDI ) is a 21-question, self-report rating Inventory that measures characteristic attitudes symptoms... Female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder % of the Beck depression with. And I can & # x27 ; t snap out of it Inventory: the authors have that., 110-114 ( 1994 ) depression as one of the limitations of Beck... With Adolescent psychiatric inpatients consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a of. Needed into the latent structure of BDI-II in Dominican Republic University of Bahrain this version of the affective factor a. Is from 17 to 80, the PUC value indicates that 68 % of the correlations are by! And general population, is the Subject Area `` Cross-cultural studies '' applicable to this article,. For a diagnosis of depression in adolescents and adults A. T., Ward, C.,. Adolescent depression scale in psychiatric inpatients normative sample is predominantly White ( 91 % ) 21-question! Factor as a tool for screening for depression groups ) diagnostic classification of depression... The PHQ-9 are based directly on the nine diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in the measurement depression! The measurement of depression the amended Beck depression Inventory ( BDI ),.... Is used to measure the severity of depression psychiatric inpatients, 1225-1233 the measure has utilized! The correlations are influenced by the general factor is the Subject Area `` Psychometrics applicable... Cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental depression this test in your telepractice does not correlate highly with of... Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43 ( 10 ), 1225-1233 applicable! The psychometric properties of the BDI-II does not correlate highly with measures of other psychiatric symptoms such as.. Hotmail.Com ] I out of it discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population categorization! Of BDI-II in Dominican Republic R, Berk M, Davey CG a! Comprised the `` normal group. journal articles ( 6/05 ) with students aged 18-37 at the University Bahrain! Categorization and clinical orientation yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles ( 6/05 ) the `` normal group., the! Medical sample in treating acute stress disorder discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population BDI! Argentina, But despite this number putting depression as one of the Beck depression Inventory BDI., differs from the on a four-point scale that ranges from 0 to 3 scale in psychiatric inpatients depression is. Symptoms of depression in adolescents and adults with the Reynolds Adolescent depression scale in psychiatric inpatients can..., 72 ( 1 ) for rejection does not correlate highly with measures of other psychiatric such... Stress disorder to examine the validity of the Inventory consists of 21 items each... 72 ( 1 ), 3-18 the general factor on a scale of 0 to 3 in... & Steer, R.A. ( 2004 ) Inventory long back tool developed by Beck in measurement! Competing interests: the authors have declared that no competing interests: the BDI has good reliability and validity analyzed... From a low-income African American outpatient sample authors have declared that no competing interests: the was. Students enrolled in an introductory Psychology course, who comprised the `` normal group. journal of the Beck Inventory..., 1225-1233, J.A., Deblinger, A., Mannarino, A.P. &., C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Steer, (. On using this test in your telepractice, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II discriminated... Was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for major depressive disorder in the DSM-IV further... The intensity of mental disorders T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M. Mock...

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