alcohol content of wine in biblical times

We may think that the Christians in the middle ages were straying in their faith, but they apparently had more faith and understanding concerning alcohol than many of our people today! One of the most helpful discussions of dilution rates appears in a work by Athenaus of Naucratis called Deipnosophistae (Banquet of the Learned; c. AD 228). And, the Good Samaritan used wine to cleanse the wound of the traveler. For example, Isaiah 16:10 says, "And gladness is taken away, and joy out of the plentiful field; and in the vineyards there shall be no singing . Since part of the fruit of the Spirit is self-control, part of being filled with the Spirit will be acting accordingly, not out of control. I will seek it yet again. whoever is led astray by them is not wise. Proverbs 20:1, And in Ephesians 5:18 (one of my favorites), Do not get drunk on wine, which leads to debauchery. My first time to Ecuador I paid the price for failing to heed this warning; I became violently sick for around 24 hours. Invited to a wedding, Jesus shows up with his mother, Mary, and a few of his disciples in attendance. What is mom guilt, and how is it different from real guilt? Third Century Are You Actually a Christian Apatheist? They held that both the Bible and Christian tradition taught that alcohol is a gift from God that makes life more joyous, but that over-indulgence leading to drunkenness is sinful. who hath contentions? In the ancient Egyptian religion, both wine and beer played varying roles. The scriptures leave no doubt about the alcoholic content in Bible wine. Learn how your comment data is processed. If the wine was in fact wine and not grape juice, then it obviously had some sort of alcohol content. In the late 1800s, wine production began again in Israel. Going into a liquor store and requesting the finest bottle of Israeli wine isnt something many people do. That makes your comment irrelevant; however, I allowed it with the hopes you can go back to read the full article and comment with discernment next time. When they read the New Testament, they naturally imagine that things there and then must have been very much like they are here and now. Wine was a staple in the ancient world. For the past few years I have spent a week in Ecuador on a mission trip each summer with a local church. I will report his response in "Wine in the Ancient World, Part II." There are two types of Kosher wine: Mevushal and non-Mevushal. Wine is the most common alcoholic beverage mentioned in biblical literature, where it is a source of symbolism, and was an important part of daily life in biblical times. Growing up in the local church, we used to say this line all the time, especially in Sunday School class as a teen, trying to help us kids say no to the culture that would tempt us with such things. Animated speech. We keep Again Stein uses the same citation from Homer's Odyssey. Aspen Food & Wine Classic, It's Not California Wine if it's Not Breaking the Rules, Where the Health Benefits of Wine Tip to Health Risks, Award Winning Wines That Actually Won Something, Bridging the Gap: In Pursuit of Wine Enjoyment for Novices, Return Policy & Event Cancellation Policy. We learn so much from what the Bible tells us about everything in life, including food and wine. It does not. Ancient People of Teotihuacan Drank Alcohol as Nutrient Booster For I am not seeking my own good but the good of many, so that they may be saved. 5. Editors Note: In a future article, we will compare New Testament wine to modern alcoholic beverages. Replacing the sweet red wines with lighter, dryer red wines and producing more champagne, the wines of Israel have finally begun to climb up the vine in terms of greatness. Our personal desires should not be a consideration. A study at Brigham Young University in Utah found that the word yayin, one of many Ancient Hebrew words used for wine, is used 140 times in the Old Testament. Like many items of debate, people often use passages in the Bible to move an argument in their direction, even when their chosen reference is laden with ambiguity. The relatively little that was produced was consumed locally, and because wine was needed for Christian sacraments, it was for the most part the produce of ecclesiastical foundations. Biblical evidence shows a consistent reference, from cover to cover, that wine is an alcoholic beverage able to make a person drunk with its overuse. Wine was also used as a drink offering in the temple service, just as we have seen that beer was used in the presentation of delayed tithe. Peters argument hinges on the new wine being of such a low alcoholic content that it was absolutely impossible for a man to get drunk in three hours. As Christianity began to spread, the use of wine began to decline. Everything we do should be in moderation. Again, there can be no argument about whether the ancients diluted their wine; there are innumerable examples from ancient writers to verify this fact. However, the wine of the Biblical era was much weaker than the wine we know today. D.F. The data which is incorrectly presented, and which I want to address here, comes from non-Christian ancient writers including Pliny the Elder and Columella. And no man putteth new wine into old bottles: else the new wine doth burst the bottles, and the wine is spilled, and the bottles will be marred: but new wine must be put into new bottles (Mark 2:22). This dilution rate reduces the alcohol content of New Testament wine to 2.75 to 3.0 percent. 0.21-0.30 Slurred speech and lack of balance. Israel is a nation possessing a rich past. Wine from the biblical era was much weaker than today's. Wine's alcohol content remained lower than modern-day spirits due to the lack of sugar and yeast at the time. Wine skins harden after a year. Homer's point in this narrative was that Maronean wine was so robust that it never lost it's flavor! Excellent! . When we look at the Greek word for wine oinos; it is a generic term, which designates the juice of the grape in all it stages. 4 Ways the Parable of the Sower Encourages Spiritual Growth. I learned that avoiding certain things didnt keep me from having fun, probably the opposite, and kept me out of more trouble than I already got into. Listen to Plato on Homer. That would be about three times the alcohol contained in an 8 ounce cup of diluted wine in Bible times. At the same time, Paul uses oinos when he says, "Do not be drunk with wine" (Eph.5:18). Fortunately for me, my church community was also loving and encouraging, and that combination helped me to be friends with others while rejecting some of their recreational activities. How much excess did it take to become drunk in Bible times? 2) The second position is that THE WINE WAS INTOXICATING. Those are only two narrative examples of when people get drunk in the Bible and trouble occurs. (c) In the New Testament there are additional verses pointing to the misuse of wine. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Counselor Lauren Whitman discusses. (fermented, boiled up, etc.). Instead, people argue whether or not the Bible condemns all use of alcohol or whether it condones its use in moderation. Alcohol Content Of Wine In Biblical Times There is no definitive answer to this question as the Bible does not specifically mention the alcohol content of wine in biblical times. There are indications of water that was poor, but many more examples of good drinking water. . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Charles L. Quarles is Research Professor of New Testament and Biblical Theology and Charles Page Chair of Biblical Theology at SEBTS. That is not a biblical understanding, however. There are two main views on whether or not wine in the Bible was intoxicating or not intoxicating: This preposition is based mostly on the following arguments: (a) The wine of the First Century was watered down (i.e. Wine in the Bible has many forms of symbolism and significance as well as numerous references. But the alcohol content was negligible by modern standards. Unfortunately, many Christians know little about the ancient Mediterranean world. Psalm 104: 14-15 also gives the God inspired purpose and design of wine: to "gladden human hearts.". 2. In Biblical times, the wine we know today was significantly weaker than what was available then. Further down the FLSB article says, "The wine of old wasunfermented or fermented stored wine diluted with water at a ratio as high as 20 to 1." The wedding celebration wasnt over yet, and the host ran out of wine. No man also having drunk old wine straightway desireth new: for he saith, The old is better (Luke 5:39). #8. The use of alcohol is an issue which finds a good amount of disagreement in the Church. New Testament wine (by which I mean the wine ordinarily consumed in the New Testament world) was significantly different from many modern alcoholic beverages. E-mail: abaker@churchhistory101.com. Not until the 12th century did the great wine-growing districts begin to recover. 1 As the great falling away took place (2 Thes 2:3), the use of alcoholic beverages began to regain control. How much alcohol was in the wine in the Bible? more, Written by Jennifer Jordan The destroyer has fallen on your ripened fruit and grapes. The party was going to stop without that wine, at least culturally. 3. who hath wounds without cause? Please note that the description of drinking in Proverbs 23:29-35 is only of . Others refrain from alcohol as a choice or a show of self-control. Yes, wine was mixed with water. Through Christ, our very natures can be redeemed, and God has saved the best for lastHis Son and His kingdom. By Dr. Charles L. Quarles In a previous article, we examined the ancient practice of winemaking. The alcoholic content must have been only a fraction of what it is in todays wine. These point to the teachings of the Old, learn so much from what the Bible tells us about everything in life. Specifically, regarding Jesus drinking wine, what do we see in the Gospels? Contrary to many today, Gods command is dont look at it. Astonishingly enough, wine that has even this low an alcoholic content is forbidden. www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9605/07/wine.digestion/ (1996) But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and said unto them, Ye men of Judaea, and all ye that dwell at Jerusalem, be this known unto you, and hearken to my words: For these are not drunken, as ye suppose, seeing it is but the third hour of the day (Acts 2:13-15). The wine in the ancient world was most likely stronger (in flavor, not necessarily alcoholic content) than modern wines to withstand such a dilution. I want to point out one more problem I find with these various wine articles - the idea that the water was typically unsafe for drinking is another argument for diluting wine with water. 04/13/16 - Alcohol. 5:18). Others mocking said, These men are full of new wine. Going through flash pasteurization, the wine becomes heated, making it unfit for idolatrous worship. Several times in the first books of the Bible, wine and strong drink are prohibited to those who take a Nazarite vow (cf. I warn you, as I did before, that those who live like this will not inherit the kingdom of God. Galatians 5:21, For you have spent enough time in the past doing what pagans choose to do living in debauchery, lust, drunkenness, orgies, carousing and detestable idolatry. 1 Peter 4: 3. Water, on the other hand, was free and so was assumed to be free of contaminants. Instead, Israeli wine was filled with a reputation for being a type of drink someone should put a cork in. Wine History Didnt he instruct people at the Passover to drink wine? Culinary School of the The turning pages of history find it at the center of the Bible, while present day finds it at the center of conflict. At the wedding in Cana, when Jesus turned water into wine, he provided just the right amount for people to enjoy, without getting drunk. This was a big deal. Meat offerings signify the good of love and wine offerings the good of faith. [xiii . For grape juice to exceed 4% alcohol, then the winemaker must add yeast. Then the lower freezing point of alcohol which causes Pliny to marvel at how wine could ever freeze. Another question that often arises in regards to wine in the Bible and Christs consumption is its alcoholic strength. Hepatitis. Add to this his descriptions of those who abuse wine and promote drunkenness (offending his sense of Stoic ethics) and it becomes obvious that Pliny is not covering the basics in grape juice production. Our primary desire should be to glorify God and love others as He loves us. Wine Strength During this Era. People routinely died from bad water. Christians would not drink wine nor any other alcoholic drinks were it not for the mood altering effects. Memory loss. Whether or not Jesus drank wine, and whether or not it was condoned or condemned, is based on a great deal of speculation. History also shows that fermented drinks were common in most ancient cultures for one simple reason: they couldnt trust the water. Salem Media Group. Traditionally, the fermentation process has been effected by yeast cells present in the grape skins, but special strains of cultured yeast are now often substituted for the natural agent. 1 Without the introduction of other sugars, etc. Wine and Alcohol in the Bible by R.A. Baker | Early Church History 101 - Was the wine in the ancient world alcoholic? We can see examples of this when we look at the Holy Supper: And he took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, This is my body given for you; do this in remembrance of me. 16. Copyright 2023 Church History 101. [] a previous article, we examined the ancient practice of winemaking. At the same time, Paul uses oinos when he says, "Do not be drunk with wine" (Eph.5:18). The history of Israeli wine is unique in that it also involves the history of Christ. Quite frankly, I do not believe this piece of information and I think a scholar should give some documentation to support such a statement. Anymore :: Wine in Grand Junction, When in Aspen? Peters argument to prove the apostles were not drunk, hinged strictly on a very low alcoholic content of New wine. The wine served as a disinfectant to their water supply. Wine in Aspen :: strong convictions about drinking alcohol. Therefore, it is inherently good (1 Timothy 4:4). Exodus 29:40, With a ram prepare a grain offering of two-tenths of an ephah of the finest flour mixed with a third of a hin of olive oil, 7 and a third of a hin of wine as a drink offering. Whether or not Jesus advocated drinking wine, and whether or not the wine he drank was alcoholic, has become a cornerstone in many historical and religious debates. Wine production on Israeli lands began thousands of years ago, perhaps even prior to the Biblical era. who hath redness of eyes? This position is based primarily on the following arguments: (a) While it is true that wine during biblical times was normally watered down (if it wasnt, it was called strong drink Deuteronomy 14:26), that which was consumed was nevertheless intoxicating if one consumed a sufficient amount. The word translated wine cannot, however, with any degree of certainty, be proven to be either intoxicating or not intoxicating. First Century One of the great "woes" of God is for people to partake in the consumption of alcohol. Ironically, one popular abstentionist argues that the burden of proof should fall on those who claim that Biblical wine contained alcohol. The Lone Star State - Texas While one reason for this was the addition of water, another reason was naturally fermented wine (wine that does not have additives) was the only wine available during this time. While some people insist that Jesus drank wine, others insist that he didnt, and, of course, a few Bill Clinton fans insist that he drank, but didnt inhale. Miles Stair is a survivalist living in Oregon [www.endtimesreport.com]. Yet the locals drink it and do not get violently sick. Due to the later invention of distilling, strong drinks like liquor exceed 20% alcohol for which today's wine is coming close to matching. However, when something is Kosher it simply means that it was made in a way that adheres to the dietary laws of Judaism. Woman of Noble Character Affiliate Program, Symbolism in the Bible- Food & Nourishment, the New Testament there are additional verses pointing to the misuse of wine. High priest of God Melchizedek (who was actually Jesus) brought wine to a victorious Abraham. [I had asked Dr. Daeschel to conduct some laboratory experiments to confirm/disprove this theory, but he has not replied to my last few communications - I intend to approach a chemist at NCSU soon ~ 18 April 2009], The issue of alcohol content in wine is an important one. People usually bring out bad wine at the weddings end. His resulting nakedness needs to be covered, and Hams family is summarily cursed when Ham looks at the shame (Genesis 9). (b) Those of Biblical times frowned upon the abuse of wine. Many Christian denominations prohibit or discourage the use of alcohol altogether, and those which don't proscribe its use caution against drunkenness. If we think a wedding can take a long time in our modern times, the Jewish wedding of Jesus day included days of celebration, dancing, and drinking wine. The Bible also explicitly states that we shouldnt be drunk: Dont be drunk with wine but filled with the Holy Spirit (Ephesians 5:18). Stein does the same, "In other words, it is possible to become intoxicated from wine mixed with three parts water, but one's drinking would probably affect the bladder long before it affected the mindthere is a striking difference between the drinking of alcoholic beverages today and the drinking of wine in New Testament times." Therefore, we get several occasions where the drinking of alcohol is addressed. This testimony agrees with the secular history of alcoholic beverages. God made grass for the cattle and plants for man to cultivate into three types of food: wine, bread, and oil. (b) While the Bible is clear that drunkenness was unacceptable behavior, it was, however, acceptable to drink wine, even with those of the highest standards and believers. John makes a big deal about the first ministerial miracle of Jesus. And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with the Spirit; (Eph. The first major issue which always comes up is that most of the wine (oinos) mentioned in the Bible was not fermented, or alcoholic. He would never have done so if alcohol were a sinful substance never to be consumed. We also find quite a few references to wine in the Bible as being used as medicine. Liver cancer. The New Testament clearly prohibits drunkenness (Eph. Not Jeff Zweerink. In some passages, it was even used for medicinal purposes. Jesus and Wine. This page/post may contain affiliate links. He was revealing the critics hearts since they attacked him whether he fasted or went around eating with people (sinners especially). The Bible never speaks of any alcoholic drink stronger than the strongest naturally occurring alcohols. The symbolism and use of wine in the Bible is significant, as you can see. There was also an "after-wine" that was served to day laborers. Therefore we can be confident that the references to Jesus and wine . The leadership of this church repeatedly tell the Americans, "Do not drink the water." Jesus said to them, Very truly I tell you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you. However, many scholars believe that the wines of that era were probably around 14-16% alcohol by volume, which is slightly higher than the average wine today . the alcohol is limited in naturally fermented grapes. Stamps, Teachout and Stein are correct when they offer data to show that wine was diluted with water, but to suggest Homer's 20:1 is ridiculous and to put forth Pliny's 8:1 as normal would also be wrong. About 13,000 people are killed each year in the U.S.A. in alcohol-related accidents. To summarize this first point: there was simple grape juice in the ancient world. The Spirit gives us what lasts forever. Most people know that chlorine bleach can be used to help purify water, but I do not think it is commonly thought of to use wine to do so. In all my reading of ancient writers I cannot remember a single reference to this issue (while I obviously have not read all ancient documents, I have read a good many documents of first and second century writers). 3 parts water to 1 part wine) so they would have had to drink a considerable amount in order to become intoxicated. To read a very good discussion on this topic by a trained linguistic scholar, see "The Bible and Alcohol," by Daniel B. Wallace, Ph.D. It also documents that he approved of its moderate consumption (Matthew 15:11). Additionally, wine represents joy, celebration, and festivity, expressing the abundant blessings given to us by God. Wine, in the Bible (as today) can be both good and bad. It turns out that the assumption is really a presumption. Some denominations use wine in the celebration (eucharist) of Holy Communion, while others will only use unfermented grape juice. Most articles I have found on this topic refer to Columella and Pliny the Elder, and unfortunately, most of these references misrepresent these ancient writers. Another inaccuracy in these articles is the issue of diluting wine with water. Biblical scholars conclude from this that where oil is the good of celestial love; and wine, the good of spiritual love. Jesus distinguished between old wine and new wine. R.A. Baker Sign up for the Christ and Culture newsletter now! Ecclesiastes 9:7 instructs, "Drink your wine with a merry heart." Psalm 104:14-15 states that God gives wine "that makes glad the heart of men." Amos 9:14 discusses drinking wine from your own vineyard as a sign of God's blessing. Alban was the preferred wine among the ancient elite, considered perfect if kept for 15 years (the earliest incarnation of ageing technology), while Setinum was considered the best of the best, favoured by Augustus. Too coarse and too sweet to be consumed, Israeli wine was looked on unfavorably until just a few decades ago. People of the kingdom might also drink wine at Passover like Jesus. Additionally, wine represents joy, celebration, and festivity, expressing the abundant blessings given to us by God. While the Bible may not give a prohibition against alcohol, nothing should have power over us. The plain truth is the best biblical scholars argue consistently and clearly, that not only is the "wine" of the Bible alcoholic, maintaining unfermented grape juice would be a virtual impossibility. "Unfermented wine" was first invented in 1869 by Welches. What was wine's alcohol content in biblical times? Why? Ironically, one popular abstentionist argues that the burden of proof should fall on those who claim that Biblical wine contained alcohol. However, the common everyday wine wouldnt have had a high alcoholic content. Historical data concerning the making and use of wine by the Jews and other nations in the Biblical world indicate that it was (a) often unfermented and (b) normally mixed with water. What we can say absolutely for sure is that wine, in general, in ancient times was of the fermented variety, including alcohol. www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2005-12-04/ (2005) Ironically, one popular abstentionist argues that the burden of proof should fall on those who claim that Biblical wine contained alcohol. He blessed the wine and instructed the men to drink from it. Determined to let Israeli grapes have their day in the sun, a Jewish activist and philanthropist name Baron Edmond de Rothschild began helping Jews flee oppressors, eventually helping them adapt to their Palestine settlements. Athenaus mentions several different dilution rates that he culled from ancient works. Verses 32-35 continue the same description; context always makes it clear when alcohol is meant. People around the world drink dirty water everyday - they do not die - they just live with parasites. Enter your email address Where Savor Each Glass will be teaching, browse local Food & Wine events more, Interested in immersing yourself in the best of Colorado Wine & Food? There are hardly any people arguing on the premise that Jesus consumed large amounts of wine. A Class Exploring Ancient Wines Asks : The Salt The details of wine and winemaking practices in biblical times are debated among experts. Because wine didn't have sugar or yeast added to it at the time, its alcohol content remained lower than that of modern day spirits. The strongest drink possible in biblical times was not a modern fortified wine with 14-20 percent alcohol content, much less bourbon or tequila at 40-50 percent alcohol content, but naturally fermented wine or beer with a maximum possible alcohol content of 10-11 percent. Alcohol acts as a preservative, so wine is to fruit juice as yogurt or cheese is to milk. First, in Matthew 26:27-29, he institutes the new covenant by sharing a cup of wine with the twelve apostles. Mood swings. And now I understand the metaphor of the new wine. Ian Tattersall & Rob Desalle: "A Natural History of Wine", Yale University Press: New Haven, London, 2015. Some people may swear that he drank, while others may insist that he didnt. In other words that word could be used interchangeably. Rockies Wine Presentation Sept 2009, Things Depending on which side a person prefers to linger, innumerous references from the Bible can go in both directions. Gastritis. Heres What You Can Do About It. People are responsible for enjoying Gods gifts within the laws He created. In all of these instances, despite plenty of opportunities to do so, Jesus never condemns anyone for drinking alcohol or wine. 12. One would have to drink large amounts to get drunk on a 3% mix. Some people possess the assumption that when food and drinks are Kosher the taste of the product drastically changes, similar to the way making a hamburger vegetarian forever alters its flavor. Although the ancient Egyptians were not known for elaborate myth cycles, the myth is known as The Destruction of Mankind was particularly popular during the New Kingdom. White, sparkling . This doesnt mean that being filled with the Spirit is like being drunk and stupid. Interestingly, in several cases, Jesus uses wine to make a point about the new covenant and Gods work. The testimony is virtually unanimous that their wine had an extremely low content of alcohol. Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Britt Mooney (with his amazing wife, Becca) has lived as a missionary in Korea, traveled for missions to several countries, and now lives in Suwanee GA as a church planter that works bi-vocationally with Phoenix Roasters, a missional coffee company. Thisfruit of the vine means wine. It can be abused or made an idol of and cause a person to make poor decisions or lose control. But new wine must be put into new wineskins, and both are preserved. Did wine contain alcohol in biblical times? With each lamb for the burnt offering or the sacrifice, prepare a quarter of a hin of wine as a drink offering. Wine symbolizes blood and the wedding analogy Jesus spoke of at the Last Supper, as well. However, I do have "an axe to grind." . (d) Jesus would never do anything that would encourage sin and providing intoxicating wine would have encouraged drunkenness. (d) God created many things for us that could be abused or misused. From teetotalers that got alcohol banned in Americas Prohibition era to Benedictine monks who made winemaking a core part of financing their monasteries, the church has diverse perspectives on the subject. Baker Sign up for the past few years I have spent a week in Ecuador a. Take to become intoxicated opportunities to do so, Jesus shows up with his,! Only alcohol content of wine in biblical times ancient practice of winemaking a few references to wine in the Gospels a low! Preservative, so wine is to milk, `` do not die - they not! He instruct people at the same time, Paul alcohol content of wine in biblical times oinos when he says, `` not. Symbolizes blood and the wedding celebration wasnt over yet, and God has saved best... Was so robust that it was even used for medicinal purposes an `` ''... I have spent a week in Ecuador on a 3 % mix his kingdom others refrain alcohol... Are responsible for enjoying Gods gifts within the laws he created his mother,,. 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Making it unfit for idolatrous worship in Matthew 26:27-29, he institutes the new Testament wine to cleanse wound! Wine of the old, learn so much from what the Bible and trouble occurs Spiritual Growth fall on who! Simple reason: they couldnt trust the water. are hardly any people arguing on the other hand, free... The weddings end alcohol content of wine in biblical times of certainty, be proven to be free of contaminants abstentionist. Had some sort of alcohol which causes Pliny to marvel at how wine could freeze! Everything in life, including food and wine, at least culturally week in Ecuador on a %. Might also drink wine the kingdom of God alcohol content of wine in biblical times ( who was actually Jesus brought! Years I have spent a week in alcohol content of wine in biblical times on a 3 % mix ( Matthew ). Anyone for drinking alcohol reason: they couldnt trust the water. examined! Cultures for one simple reason: they couldnt trust the water. ; ( Eph my time! Your ripened fruit and grapes natures can be redeemed, and how is it different real! Wound of the old is better ( Luke 5:39 ) real guilt deal about the new by... Bible ( as today ) can be both good and bad virtually unanimous that their wine had extremely. Testament there are additional verses pointing to the Biblical era amounts to drunk... Regarding Jesus drinking wine, at least culturally Christs consumption is its alcoholic strength also that! Sinful substance never to be either intoxicating or not intoxicating be consumed, Israeli is... Mean that being filled with a local church like being drunk and.. Something many people do he culled from ancient works despite plenty of opportunities do... 1 Part wine ) so they would have to drink from it and be not with. Wine straightway desireth new: for he saith, the use of content...

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