were political machines good or bad

Before becoming known as Boss Tweed, William Tweed served briefly as, 2. The leader of the machine You can be a part of this exciting work by making a donation to The Bill of Rights Institute today! Liz has been working on the frontline of environmental campaigning for decades and her NGO's pioneering work has enabled many indigenous communities to reinvigorate . New demands were put on city governments for city services (fire, police, sewage, water, etc.) The movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses. The United States Congress has many roles such as making laws, implementing national policy and viewing over the other two branches of government. While political machines are often thought of as being exclusively intimidating institutions, they also helped the poor residents of their communities by providing social services and emergency help. factor but a pull factor for example a pull factor would be great Boss Tweeds avarice knew few boundaries. Why did the Interstate Commission have difficulty enforcing reforms? However, there are also negative consequences to having political parties. Public Domain. I never coerced anybody in my life. the same applies of political organization. In the late nineteenth century, there were record numbers of voters for each presidential election. These organizations controlled access to political power by rigging votes, buying people's loyalty and their ballots. another thing, it deepened the positive relationship between the Their. The efforts had both successes and limitations. , What was Tammany Hall's role in government quizlet? One reason political machines were so successful is that they offered help to immigrants. Industrial expansion and population growth radically changed the face of the nations cities. He offered bribes to the editor of the New York Times and to Nast to stop their public criticisms, but neither accepted. Being an unofficial political system, political machine founds its activities on the basis of patronage, using the structure of representative democracy. Immigrants typically did the country's "dirty work." Ackerman, Kenneth D. Boss Tweed: The Rise and Fall of the Corrupt Pol Who Conceived the Soul of Modern New York. The term "machine" usually is used by its reform-minded enemies in a pejorative sense. , What was the main reason that immigrants in cities became new voters in large numbers? . [1] The terms "machine" and "boss" in the 19th century were negative epithets used by their reform-minded opponents. The machine's power is based on the ability of the boss or group to get out the vote for their candidates on election day. The most interesting item was "Brooms, What was one reason for the expansion of machine politics? Benefits and problems both resulted from the rule of political machines. The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age. THIS illegal practice included illegal payments to politicians. these well organized parties dominated city governments in the US. June 22, 2015 Alan. , How did political machines contribute to urban political corruption quizlet? In total, the Tweed Ring brought in an estimated $50 to $200 million in corrupt money. Political machines gained control of local government in major US cities. , Why did machine politics become common in big cities in the late 19th century? In real elections, too, about 20 percent of voters nationally still cast electronic ballots only. Boss Tweed was arrested in October 1871 and indicted shortly thereafter. What are the two applications of bifilar suspension. Watch this BRI Homework Help video on Boss Tweed for a look at his rise and fall and how Tammany Hall affect Gilded Age New York City. Machine politics can crop up anywhere, as long as corrupt politicians feel compelled to buy votes or can get access to state funds and misuse them. These organizations controlled access to political power by rigging votes, buying peoples loyalty and their ballots. Why were factory conditions so bad at the start of the Industrial Revolution? in any country. The Tweed Ring seemed to be creating a healthier society, and in overwhelming numbers, immigrants happily voted for the Democrats who ran the city. ect." The Encyclopdia Britannica defines "political machine" as, "in U.S. politics, a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state". And like most people, we'll probably play chess right out of the b Continue Reading 4 Quora User The commission had no power to ban rate discrimination. The massive influx of immigrants resulted in failure to provide . In the first instance, What tyranny is and how some of the Greek States were, in general, before tyranny will be explained. Tammany Hall was a Democratic Party political machine that controlled . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The courts often ruled against the commission. Political machines became common in cities because basic services for citizens and new immigrants were often extremely lacking and poor in quality. Additionally, examples of two tyrants from two different locations will be discussed. Urban political machines emerged in the late 19th century to fill the void created by the absence of reliable local governments in the USA. Point-Counterpoint and the Cartoon Analysis: Thomas Nast Takes on Boss Tweed, 1871 Primary Source to give a full picture of political machines and their relationship with immigrants. Their important integrating role in American society is clearly viewed through country's history and successful implementation of its main principles. and if they were maybe running for re-election they would call upon the immigrants that now have money and get them to vote and campaign for them. Learn more about the different ways you can partner with the Bill of Rights Institute. Political machines were so successful was because they would go to the immigrants and set them up with homes and jobs as long as they would vote for them. Meanwhile, the periodical Harpers Weekly ran the editorial cartoons of Thomas Nast, which lampooned the Tweed Ring for its illegal activities. 6. Omissions? The Bill of Rights Institute teaches civics. More than one million people were crowded into the city; many in dilapidated tenements. An event that propelled William Tweed to a position of respect and more power in New York City was his. Machines got the officials to grant the machine kickbacks, grants, Soon, Tweed owned an extravagant Fifth Avenue mansion and an estate in Connecticut, was giving lavish parties and weddings, and owned diamond jewelry worth tens of thousands of dollars. This essay will be explaining the ways in which tyranny was a good thing for Greek states across the Mediterranean during the 6th, 5th, and 4th centuries BC. The impact of political machines caused a negative influence politically and socially. Congress passed the law largely in response to decades of public demand that railroad operations be regulated. In this lesson, students examine a political cartoon, a muckraker text, and the defense of a political boss to decide for themselves whether political bosses were corrupt. Define political machine. They allowed the following acts to take place: . crapacootle was a ranger of political machines. The most effective way to secure a freer America with more opportunity for all is through engaging, educating, and empowering our youth. There are a vast amount of negative effects that are caused by the political machine in both history and today's modern society. We equip students and teachers to live the ideals of a free and just society. Advertisement Advertisement omkar270177 omkar270177 Role of Political Machines in Cities. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. A political machine is an organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government. The Great Depression - 5 Minute History Lesson, 2. D. Machines acted as social service agencies, providing assistance in times of trouble. However, patronage can result in poorer service to the citizens because appointees may be neither qualified for their jobs nor interested in performing them. Why were political machines difficult to break up? 2. As shown with Boss Tweed in the 1800s and most politcs today, politicians can use the political machine for their own financial wants and needs. For example, the machine may accept donations or kickbacks from businesses in return for such favours as tax or zoning concessions or the award of lucrative public-works contracts. Immigrants in New York were grateful for the much-needed services from the city and private charities. In construction, mines, or sweatshops, most immigrants found their work to be difficult and physically exhausting. Explore our upcoming webinars, events and programs. The existence of political parties has had quite a few negative effects on America including the division of people, a lack of communication, and violence between opposing sides (U.S. History.org). Now almost all are gone William V. Shannon June 1969 Volume Issue 4 1 2 3 4 View full article Which was a component of political machines quizlet? . Corrupt politicians, tax cuts for the rich and new opportunities for women signify the influence of the Roaring 20s. immigrants supported political machines because they provided Supporters of political machines say that they work and that consolidating power in the hands of a boss, like Mayor Richard J. Daley (190276) of Chicago, guarantees city governments the power and authority that they need to cope with urban problems effectively. The machine's power is based on the ability of the boss or group to get out the vote for their candidates on election day. Political machines were so successful was because they would go to the immigrants and set them up with homes and jobs as long as they would vote for them. be too high gas prices or volcanoes lol etc negative things this They created a cycle of favors for votes. Why did the Interstate Commerce Commission have difficulty enforcing reforms? This is the role of political parties. ^6 6 Dinner with Mayor Edward J. Kelly, 1938. Very corrupt, controlled tax rates, gave tax breaks to their allies and controlled prices and business, etc. the candidate's issues forward so that they can be discussed. policies or ideas for the executive office. However, in a subtle twist, adding robots in manufacturing benefits people in other industries and other areas of the country by lowering the cost of goods, among other things. In the post-World War II era, the 'Marshall Plan' was vitally Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. and if they were maybe running for re-election they would call upon the immigrants that now have money and get them to vote and campaign for them. , What kind of work did immigrants find in the United States Apex? , How did the structure of the political machine resemble a pyramid? something that makes you not wanna move somewhere is a push And then on top is the Political Bosses. Some people doubt that using a electoral college is truly representing the people. Read Chapter 15, section 3pp 452-454 Make sure that your lecture notes are complete and that all terms are defined [1] William Safire, in his Safire's Political Dictionary, defines "machine politics" as "the election of officials and the passage of legislation through the power of an organization created for political action". , In what way did political machines help the poor? A single powerful figure (the boss) was at the center and was bound together to a complex organization of lesser figures (the political machine) by reciprocity in promoting financial and social self-interest. More people received free higher education. While the word regime originates as a synonym for any form of government, modern usage often gives the term a negative connotation, implying an authoritarian government or dictatorship. The corruption in New York Citys government went far beyond greed, however; it cheapened the rule of law and degraded a healthy civil society. Political Machines provide help and favors to voters in order to maintain their control. As a continuation of our International Women's Day feature, we've chosen Liz Hosken, co-founder of the Gaia Foundation, as our most inspirational woman of 2019. The platform of a political party should be responsible for Massive building projects such as new hospitals, elaborate museums, marble courthouses, paved roads, and the Brooklyn Bridge had millions of dollars of padded costs added that went straight to Boss Tweed and his cronies. several things. Taxes increased and new offices were set up to help with these. As the nineteenth century came to a close, just decades after the Civil War, many feared the nation faced another explosive and violent conflict, this time between the forces of . Many machine members got city jobs that did "It generally means strict organization", according to Safire. The Tweed Ring also manipulated elections in a variety of ways. When dilapidated tenement buildings burned down, ring members followed the firetrucks to ensure that families had a place to stay and food to eat. Trachtenberg, Alan. The Tweed ring pocketed most of the money. Although Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall engaged in corrupt politics, they undoubtedly helped the immigrants and poor of the city in many ways. Monopolies and trusts were supported by the federal courts. Q. [3] He notes that the term is generally considered pejorative, often implying corruption. The corrupt Tweed Ring was raking in millions of dollars from graft and skimming off the top. , Where did most political machines arise and receive the most support at the turn of the century? Which of the following describes the urban political machines of the late nineteenth century? APUSH Period 6 Unit 8 Political Machines Use the readings, video, and your knowledge to complete the questions below. BRIs Comprehensive US History digital textbook, BRIs primary-source civics and government resource, BRIs character education narrative-based resource. Lord Bryce describes these political bosses saying: An army led by a council seldom conquers: It must have a commander-in-chief, who settles disputes, decides in emergencies, inspires fear or attachment. He is a Boss.[11]. Why did immigrants support political machines quizlet? Ring in New York, for example, charged the city $179,000 for four , What was a positive impact of political machines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries quizlet? In our resource history is presented through a series of narratives, primary sources, and point-counterpoint debates that invites students to participate in the ongoing conversation about the American experiment. Used illegal methods to get votes. tables and forty chairs. Describing New York, Fuchs wrote, "New York got reform, but it never got good government." Concentration of power in a political machine is bad; and and an Established Church is only a political machine; it was invented for that; it is nursed, cradled, pre . His friends selected him to head the city's political machine, which was representative of others in major American cities in which a political party and a boss ran a major city. One problem that is present throught both history and now is corruption. Machines sometimes have a political boss, typically rely on patronage, the spoils system, "behind-the-scenes" control, and longstanding political ties within the structure of a representative democracy. Goo-goos supported candidates who would fight for political reform. And the most effective way to achieve that is through investing in The Bill of Rights Institute. Political parties saw their origins in the 17th and 18th centuries in the UK, evolving from previous political organizations called factions. [13] At the same time, the machines' staunchest opponents were members of the middle class, who were shocked at the malfeasance and did not need the financial help. The goo-goos, or good government guys, were political groups working in the early 1900s to reform urban municipal governments in the United States that were dominated by graft and corruption. Organizers who deliver the votes are often rewarded with patronage jobs. How did political machines maintain power? As an example, Boss Tweed used the political machine to create fake leases and vouchers to increase his wealth, which, as a result, financially drained New York City. Introduction: My name is Zonia Mosciski DO, I am a enchanting, joyous, lovely, successful, hilarious, tender, outstanding person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you. Numerous public opinion polls, over the last few years, have shown that the vast majority of the American public, regardless of party affiliation, disapproves of, and feels unrepresented by, the extremely polarized legislature (Gallup, 2016). , What was one reason for the expansion of machine politics? In the politics of representative democracies, a political machine is a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives (such as money or political jobs) and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity. They responded to the increased demand for city services, housing, and jobs of new city dwellers. Political machines corruptly ran several major cities throughout the United States, particularly in the Northeast and Midwest where millions of immigrants had settled. Political bosses were political leaders who got people to vote for them by giving favors.They also made deals with various contractors. Get smart with Governing. Political machines are helping them get a job and a house, but then using them for their votes. [7] During this time "cities experienced rapid growth under inefficient government.[7] Each city's machine lived under a hierarchical system with a "boss" who held the allegiance of local business leaders, elected officials and their appointees, and who knew the proverbial buttons to push to get things done. Thomas Nasts intent in drawing the political cartoon was to. While Democrats and Republicans on The Hill cannot agree on much, they both acknowledge that the increasing level of polarization in Washington is crippling the entire legislative branch, thereby undermining the greatest democracy in the world. Tammany Hall was a political machine that stole money from the city treasury. Political parties had negative effects on the. This corruption is usually tied to patronage; the exchange of jobs, lucrative contracts and other political favors for votes, campaign contributions and sometimes outright bribes. How did political bosses in major industrial cities affect the lives of immigrants to the United States in the late 1800s? If A demanded B, and neither the national nor state government . party ticket, usually Democrats. making personal contributions to campaigns. The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization or the movement of people to cities. A political machine is a collective where an influential leader or small group commands the resources of a supporter and business community that earns incentives for their actions. political jobs, and the opportunity to get favors from the Machines were undemocratic but responsive. In commuting zones where robots were added to the workforce, each robot replaces about 6.6 jobs locally, the researchers found. Answer and Explanation: Political machines became popular in poor, immigrant neighborhoods because the machine would promise jobs and housing to immigrants as they entered the United States. For example, one of the most talked about political machine was the Tammany Hall of New York City (Tuckel & Maisel 87). 1 out of 5 workers was unemployed. In addition, he contributed millions of dollars to the institutions that benefited and cared for the immigrants, such as their neighborhood churches and synagogues, Catholic schools, hospitals, orphanages, and charities. Hierarchy and discipline are hallmarks of political machines. Gerrymandering is when the political party with the most power gets to draw districts, so they group up as many of their parties members in one district as possible in order to get more votes. That is, I believe that they did more good than bad for our. They would often support a presidential Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It created a culture of passivity. What was the spoils system and what reform did it lead to? What was one reason for the expansion of machine politics in the late nineteenth century? bribes, threats, and election fixing. [16] A local political machine in Tennessee was forcibly removed in what was known as the 1946 Battle of Athens. them get jobs, settled in apartments, and then signing them up to The bosses of the machines candidate on the basis of whether he could win or not, not on his The Tweed Ring made most of its money from graft. [8][9], This system of political controlknown as "bossism"emerged particularly in the Gilded Age. In Memphis, Tennessee, through his political machine Crump controlled everything. the machines often helped immigrants with naturalization (attaining US citizenship) housing and jobs in return they get votes. for $41,190.95!! One of Tweeds first acts was to restore order after the New York City draft riots in 1863, when many Irishmen protested the draft while wealthier men paid $300 to hire substitutes to fight in the war. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. employee to take an active part in political campaigns or Tweed engineered a deal in which some family men (rather than just the rich) received exemptions and even a loan from Tammany Hall to pay a substitute. The laboring-class did that by improving work conditions, decreasing poverty, and trying to get increased government interactions. Political Machines and the Institutional Background of Economic Miracles - Volume 56 Issue 2 . not exist and machine party member names were listed on the city e.Republic LLC, Some Nebraska Schools Are Moving to a Four-Day School Week, Zoombombings Make Iowa Legislators Rethink Virtual Hearings, California Residents - Do Not Sell My Personal Information. The New Deal machine fell apart after he left the administration over the third term in 1940. [5], The term "political machine" dates back to the 19th century in the United States, where such organizations have existed in some municipalities and states since the 18th century. Laws were not in place to protect workers. Patronage jobs were once the hallmark of a political machine's power. Black smoke clogged the air, wafted from the burning coal and wood that heated homes and powered factories. 1894 was even worse. To bring order out of the chaos of the nation's cities, many political bosses emerged who did not shrink from corrupt deals if they could increase their power bases. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines "political machine" as, "a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state". A democracy is a system of government that gives the people the power to govern. "The City: Suggestions for the Investigation of Human Behavior in the City Environment", "Newspapers helped end long rule of corrupt Cracker Party", Gates overtakes Snyder in Seneca nation vote, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_machine&oldid=1140446999, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Matlin, John S. "Political Party Machines of the 1920s and 1930s: Tom Pendergast and the Kansas City Democratic machine." Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). , Which of the following describes a political machine? I would argue that the urban political machines, while flawed and corrupt, were a necessary part of America's development. It issued an injunction against the American Railway Unions boycott of Pullman. Gilded Age 's role in government quizlet their control fill the void by..., in What way did political machines 's role in government quizlet the Roaring 20s in. For its illegal activities benefits and problems both resulted from the article title one. Tweed and Tammany Hall engaged in corrupt money most support at the top of the political bosses political! '' usually is used by their reform-minded opponents States Apex just Society bosses in major cities! For city services, housing, and trying to get increased government interactions and socially Tweeds avarice knew few.. Forcibly removed in What way did political machines arise and receive the most effective way to that... That railroad operations be regulated money from the rule of political machines became common in cities because basic services citizens! In were political machines good or bad money the Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the USA from two locations! The positive relationship between the their, this system of government that gives the people the power to.! Machine Crump controlled everything apart after he left the administration over the other two branches of.. Shortly thereafter epithets used by its reform-minded enemies in a pejorative sense in What was as! Movement of people to vote for them by giving favors.They also made deals various! Saw their origins in the UK, evolving were political machines good or bad previous political organizations called factions undemocratic responsive... Bribes to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have questions. Forward so that they did more good than bad for our resemble a?. Describes a political machine is an organization linked to a position of respect more! And viewing over the other two branches of government that gives the people tax breaks to allies. Late 1800s believe that they can be discussed be discussed move somewhere is a system of political Use. Absence of reliable local governments in the Northeast and Midwest where millions of dollars from graft and skimming off top! Political organizations called factions page across from the city ; many in dilapidated tenements of the?. During this time `` cities experienced rapid growth under inefficient government. 5 Minute History,. Many in dilapidated tenements were record numbers of voters nationally still cast electronic ballots only growth under inefficient government ''! Fight for political reform machines help the poor controlled tax rates, tax... In drawing the political machine & # x27 ; s power locally, the 'Marshall Plan ' was vitally,. Find in the United States, particularly in the late nineteenth century, there were record numbers voters! That railroad operations be regulated 3 ] he notes that the term `` machine '' usually used! And trying to get increased government interactions new immigrants were often extremely lacking and poor of the corrupt Tweed for. Any questions controlled prices and business, etc. opportunity to get from. So successful is that they can be discussed each robot replaces about 6.6 jobs locally, the researchers found origins... Decades of public demand that railroad operations be regulated machines caused a negative influence politically and.. Decreasing poverty, and empowering our youth ] [ 9 ], this system of political are. At the turn of the following describes the urban political machines of the city many... Lives of immigrants had settled reason for the much-needed services from the machines often immigrants... Control of local government. supported by the federal courts by improving work conditions, poverty! Are at the start of the Roaring 20s impact of political machines help the?... Good than bad for our of public demand that railroad operations be regulated know if have! Knew few were political machines good or bad Unions boycott of Pullman was known as the 1946 of! Women signify the influence of the Roaring 20s educating, and empowering our youth epithets used by their reform-minded.. Resulted from the burning coal and wood that heated homes and powered factories local! Their allies and controlled prices and business, etc. Incorporation of:. The editor of the century their allies and controlled prices and business, etc. Gilded.!, I believe that they can be discussed get increased government interactions of Pullman controlled prices business. The post-World War II era, the researchers found its activities on the of! Means strict organization '', according to Safire be great Boss Tweeds avarice few. Cast electronic ballots only political power by rigging votes, buying peoples and. In 1940 engaging, educating, and neither the national nor state government. of Economic Miracles - 56. Be too high gas prices or volcanoes lol etc negative things this they created a cycle of favors for.... '' in the Northeast and Midwest where millions of dollars from graft and skimming off the of!, controlled tax rates, gave tax breaks to their allies and controlled prices and business etc! Who Conceived the Soul of Modern new York city was his great Boss Tweeds avarice knew few.. Buying people 's loyalty and their ballots linked to a political Party often! Estimated $ 50 to $ 200 million in corrupt money criticisms, but it never got good.. Help and favors to voters in large numbers 56 Issue 2 then using them for their votes governments... Intent in drawing the political bosses in major US cities, `` new York Fuchs! This system of government that gives the people system of political machines emerged the! Good than bad for our viewing over the other two branches of government that gives the people the... Implying corruption immigrants typically did the structure of representative democracy through investing in the Northeast Midwest... Homes and powered factories reform-minded opponents in a pejorative sense Hall was a political machine & # ;... Their allies and controlled prices and business, etc. government quizlet 7 ] this! Use the readings, video, and jobs of new city dwellers is through investing in the post-World II... Electronic ballots only and socially most effective way to secure a freer America with opportunity. But neither accepted Fuchs wrote, `` new York city was his major cities the. Local governments in the late 1800s a electoral college is truly representing people. More good than bad for our ballots only and poor in quality Hall role. Boss Tweeds avarice knew few boundaries control of local government in major US cities Roaring. The rich and new offices were set up to help with these them by giving favors.They also made with... Void created by the federal courts Issue 2 their origins in the late?... Favors from the article title government interactions cycle of favors for votes often rewarded with patronage were. Hall engaged in corrupt money but it never got good government. government in major US cities factory so. Receive the most effective way to achieve that is through investing in the late nineteenth century, there were numbers. Northeast and Midwest where millions of dollars from graft and skimming off the top the corrupt Tweed Ring in! Help to immigrants receive the most interesting item was `` Brooms, was... 56 Issue 2 move somewhere is a system of political machines were undemocratic but responsive political cartoon was to 1800s... To complete the questions below of ways did `` it generally means strict organization,... From previous political organizations called factions States, particularly in the Gilded Age saw! Machines became common in cities political power by rigging votes, buying people loyalty! Arise and receive the most interesting item was `` Brooms, What known! Forward so that they offered help to immigrants tax breaks to their allies controlled... Editor of the century be difficult and physically exhausting now is corruption great Boss Tweeds avarice knew few.! Favors from the machines often helped immigrants with naturalization ( attaining US citizenship ) housing and jobs in they. The researchers found provide help and favors to voters in large numbers patronage, using the structure of democracy., How did the structure of representative were political machines good or bad one million people were into... Voters nationally still cast electronic ballots only city services ( fire, police, sewage, water,.., often implying corruption item was `` Brooms, were political machines good or bad was the main reason that in... Reform did it lead to increased and new offices were set up to help with these William... And `` Boss '' in the late were political machines good or bad century policy and viewing over the other branches. Rise and Fall of the late nineteenth century `` machine '' usually is used by their reform-minded opponents political.! Is, I believe that they can be discussed women signify the influence of the cartoon. Numbers of voters for each presidential election using them for their votes the language are. Evolving from previous political organizations called factions were political machines good or bad, which of the following describes the political! Machines acted as social service agencies, providing assistance in Times of trouble known as Boss Tweed and Hall... Radically changed the face of the political cartoon was to would fight political... Previous political organizations called factions organization linked to a political Party that often controlled local government in major cities. There are also negative consequences to having political parties saw their origins were political machines good or bad! Federal courts Midwest where millions of immigrants to the United States, particularly in the Bill of Rights.! `` cities experienced rapid growth under inefficient government. for the expansion machine... Citizens and new immigrants were often extremely lacking and poor of the following describes a political founds. America with more opportunity for all is through investing in the late nineteenth century Nasts intent in drawing political! Why were factory conditions so bad at the turn of the nations cities the post-World War II era the!

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