west african kingdoms dbq 7

Ile-Ife. Each one page reading comes with an answer key for the 3-4 questions on the p. Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. The leaders of the native African kingdoms reacted to European imperialism by clearly expressing their opposition to the European officials, highlighting how strange and hypocritical European culture was, and implementing any means available to fight the Europeans.. All of them shave their beards, and women shave their heads. This description of the king's court in ancient Ghana was written by the Arab scholar, AlBakri.The court of appeal is held in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses with gold embroidered trappings. The unit begins by teaching the origins of Islam. Samurai Overview, History & Code | What is a Samurai? Follow Learning the Social Sciences on TpT. There were three gold mines within the empire, whereas Ghana was only a transport point for gold. by using the documents. Before the Europeans arrived, these empires had hierarchies and roles in society, which . Ibn Hawqal, writing in 951 on trade and the importance of salt. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. However, the Mali Empire never held the same power and influence it once had. Wheat is grown there, by digging with hoes and it is wateredwith buckets. Ghana traded gold, ivory, and salt in exchange for manufactured goods, such as textiles and leather goods, from as far as North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. ~ 8#|X7\8 -"-"-kCXX+1][X.eh8)uegk{_KHw%3.2&.1EMeVoi1-qhQ~Ul:0t2!R[R|]$sFoPMa-HdA81/>x0{VPJ|+OMmf`4M>E4O[AEl1&pFL:4:n 'Ll$0dDC6iXvUfre,^nG#ZXe0p% ^$\ ]g{cWjwtW)~OCDw2I^.a *Click on Open button to open and print to worksheet. The fall of Songhai was a result of civil war and invasion from Morocco. They all grew immensely rich by trading in gold. Some believe that at its height, the Mali Empire had an army of 100,000, with 10,000 of those being cavalry. . From aload of copper the kings due is five mithqals, [i.e., the weight offive dinars] and from a load of other goods ten mithqals. religion as the king approach him they fall on their knees and sprinkle dust on their head, for this is their way of greeting him. Document 2 perfectly represents the power and wealth of Ghana's roytalty. These are perfect for distance learning as they can be posted to an online portal like Google Classroom or could be mailed home for those without Internet. slave trade . Early African Kingdoms a. Kush (in a region also called Nubia): once ruled by Egypt, then became rulers of Egypt b. Axum: a trading kingdom in what is now Ethiopia 3. In West Africa, three empires-Ghana, Mali, and Songhai-became wealthy and powerful by controlling the gold and salt trade. 519 Words; 3 Pages; Ap World History Dbq Essay. 647 Words3 Pages. Ghana. xiGVW[%\f`f:h>Z0X?FdDeT`ugfw%M r;,f;nw]9,_vMf{H|bGmr?6^?,jc6=c-o]>^U/~9iFG7sZxvy{Z=0Za,JU]iI0 Vv_o8ocPq0czh89 7~n.'~.@E 7GO!ywI>}9Dg&gR%6XaxR b:SMk-NxICB9I':Popbnmv8Ql/pyeEcf_wH7hh4sHG? Awdaghost is a former Berber town in current Mauritiania. In this lesson you will teach students about Sundiata, Mansa Musa, Abubhakari II, and many oth, This Quick Read Bundle contains 7 quick reads and one added DBQ. Songhai rulers employed a system of government in which governors and mayors were selected to oversee the vassal states, mostly those near the Niger River. Each one page reading comes with an answer key for the 3-4 questions on the page.Quick Reads are great for online or distance learning, to be used as bell ringers, reviews, or a quick activity to compliment a lesson plan. Between these two towns are continuous habitations. The first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade. Quizzes with auto-grading, and real-time student data. Because of him, we stayed strong for almost two hundred years. : Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow each document. I however, am certainly not one of those ex- followers, for I find his strategy to be heroic. Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? Under his ruling, our kingdom became twice the size that Ghana was. Between 700 and 1600 there were three great empires in the centre of West Africa: Ancient Ghana, Mali and Songhai. Therest of the people eat sorghum. An error occurred trying to load this video. Mali was established in 1235 by Sundiata. It was perhaps one of the largest Islamic empires of the time, with its capital city in Gao. At the door of the pavilion are dogs of excellent pedigree who hardly ever leave the place where the king is, guarding him. The following description of the Kingdom of Ghana was written by Al-Bakri, a member of a prominent Spanish Arab family who lived during the 11th century. Teach the Mali Empire in 3 class periods! 277 lessons. 0|K0aLT['%MJ! Only the kings and the rich eat wheat there. This can be shown through observing their specific geographical, economical, and religious aspects of their society., As the political and social structures of Sub-Saharan Africa developed during the years 400 - 1450 C.E., hierarchy structures based on kinship were maintained, however self-contained city-states grew into large empires., Mali was founded by an indigenous African dynasty that had earlier converted to Islam through peaceful interactions with Muslims., Often, achievements of older civilizations are lost in the shadows of their successors. A longer excerpt of Al-Bakri's writings can be found here. This Empire made money by taxing the imports of gold, salt, and copper. 1 pt. This lesson will take a look at these three kingdoms. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. She has a master's degree in Mythological Studies. This lesson plan includes: slides, DBQ, documentary questions, and curated resources. As mentioned above, the Ghana Empire was primarily ruled by a king, who had several officials to offer advice. Depended much on the trans-Sahara trade, the Empire of Mali soon prospered. He was described as generous because he gave out gold to everyone. Starting in the medieval period, a series of kingdoms rose and fell in West Africa. Round their necks they wear collars of gold and silver studded with a number of balls of the same metals. Ghana used the strategic position taxing the desert nomad traders of the north and the gold producing people of the south (Goucher, 131). It flourished beginning in the 300s. The Songhai Empire took independence from Mali and forged its own powerful empire. African Cultures: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. x]Y$q}_QF5bh^@H 3>Ib`X [|# XUc?~8^.sxOSgk9OOn9ri'xyi~^_~~ ]W~-{.XHW?~qKMr| :o]~pt_S6.0W>}-Hlo1e/LWCGA?%M~N1~a>7~sS^U=|1_"?Up^{&;>Ly?Hut!D`v~L&Rd%e_lOFIm-^M 2=,b @,&!fW%? gold-for-salt trade. Mali's influence and power were due largely in part to its stable government and military. Before Europe stepped in, they were a quite advanced, flourishing continent by themselves. | Deadline: March 4, 2023, Brookings Is Seeking a Summer 2023 Research & Project Coordination Intern | Deadline: February 26, 2023, ASC Funding for Unpaid Internships Info Sessions Part III | In Person, Rodney Seminar: When We Sing Everyone Hears: #RhodesMustFall and #EndSars Protests as Musicking in the African Postcolony, Frederick S. Pardee School for Global Studies, BU Department of World Languages and Literature, US Dept of Education Institute for Foreign Language Education. Hopkins, Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, (Cambridge University Press, 1981) pp. In them too are their idols and the tombs of their kings. This Document Based Question has 8 documents for students to examine that are about Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 It was ruled by an Emperor. At the top, were the nobles, followed by the middle class traders, the common metalworkers and craftsmen, and at the bottom, the slaves. )o;I9pn\47yFsb`iEM}l(5NqlXp=)HA+:'IKHKI3S2`@QgvK}7MSh!%5jKh,Ol\.e!2$>iqqF O/GM.m!\YS/aR,G2D{r)iA:* 6qvOnS&+w0Rx IX'D^~)ypeCm.tfT/(x9U:GC[: 4T, |FD!\,$30l9|{JpU=f$CP{">= The kings interpreters, the official in charge of his treasury and the majority of his ministers are Muslims. These three empires were the major powers that influenced much of West Africa prior to colonization. This was also because it had several loyal vassal states, including the former empire of Ghana. The Mali Empire, or sometimes known as the Mandingo Empire, was founded in 1230 CE by Sundiata Keita. One of Mali's advantages with gold trade was in the fact that very few people in the empire possessed solid gold. Male became rich off of the Saharan trade routes. The Songhay Empire, sometimes seen as the Songhai Empire, began in the 11th century CE, though people were known to have settled in the area as early as 800 CE, and lasted until the 16th century. ii. Both great civilizations also shared many similarities as well as a great amount of differences. This is all of the materials I use to teach the history of Africa up to around 1700. and salt trade. Document 1 Between 700 and 1067, the Kingdom of ancient Ghana rose in power and gained control of the transSaharan gold and salt trade. Worksheets are Kingdoms of west africa, Work african empires map and questions, Early and medieval african kingdoms, Whap example dbq, For teachers only volume, The age of exploration, Introduction, Dbq columbian exchange. In this adapted excerpt, he describes his travels. 4 0 obj In Awdaghust there is one cathedral mosque and many smallerones all well attended. [The King of] Ghana is the wealthiest king on the face ofthe earth because of his treasures and stocks of gold extractedin olden times for his predecessors and himself. These were the three kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. 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Put the West African empires in order from OLDEST to YOUNGEST. Trading in craft goods and gold, it held much influence over the area. Around the town are gardens with date palms. QAH4Gs%^,JEK ^ z#w7I*[j; L2#W81_N;k48{17XI(G This Quick Read Bundle contains 7 quick reads and one added DBQ. (Goucher231). None were able to gain complete control, and the Mali Empire became three separate states. He extended the empire very far and after his death his sons took charge, Mansa Musa strengthened Islam and promoted education, trade, and commerce in Mali. Create your account, 18 chapters | Between 1000 and 1500, cities on Africa's east coast also gained wealth and power through trade. Displaying all worksheets related to - Kingdoms Of West Africa Dbq Answer Key. On every donkey-load of salt when it is brought into the country their king levies one golden dinar and two dinars when it is sent out. Tropical rain forests (along lower West African coast and Congo River) iii. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Between 700 and 1067, the Kingdom of ancient Ghana rose in power and gained control of the transSaharan gold. This description of the kings court in ancient Ghana was written by the Arab scholar, AlBakri. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Document 1 Between 700 and 1067, the Kingdom of ancient Ghana rose in power and gained control of the transSaharan gold and salt trade. Cattle and sheep are sonumerous that for a mithqal one may buy 10 rams or more. One of these towns, which is inhabited by Muslims, is large and possesses twelve mosques, in which they assemble for the Friday prayer. Islam in West Africa Origin & Establishment | How Did Islam Spread? [] They standin oppressing need of [the goodwill of] the kings of Awdaghostbecause of the salt which comes to them from the lands ofIslam. Pre-made digital activities. In this lesson you will teach students about Sundiata, Mansa Musa, Abubhakari II, and many others! Displaying all worksheets related to - Kingdoms Of West Africa Dbq. 79-81. Other African kingdoms, empires, and cities also arose and declined. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, African Studies Course Enhancement Grants, Public Lending Library on Campus: Teaching Africa Library, West African Kingdoms & Transsaharan Trade, The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Invites Applications for the Position of Administrative Associate, The Journal of the Core Curriculum Invites Students and Faculty to Submit Creative Work! succeed. 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Ghana Empire Rulers & Facts | What Did Ghana Trade? What was the outside perception of the region and the leaders like Mansa Musa?" West African Kingdoms By at least 800 CE, a handful of kingdoms and empires were forming in Africa, three of which were located in West Africa, relatively close to each other. In West Africa, three empires-Ghana, Mali, and Songhaibecame wealthy and powerful by controlling the gold and salt trade. One of the last great kingdoms . This method helped to prevent over-inflation of the substance. Between 700 and 1067, the Kingdom of ancient Ghana rose in power and gained control of the transSaharan gold. Africa DBQ January 6, 2016 Before the Europeans arrived to the empires, kingdoms, and cities of Africa, the African civilization flourished in many achievements with Art, political status, trade, and culture. The town ofGhiyaruis twelve miles from the [Niger River] and contains Worksheets are Kingdoms of west africa, Work african empires map and questions, Early and medieval african kingdoms, Whap example dbq, For teachers only volume, The age of exploration, Introduction, Dbq columbian exchange. Songhai Dynasty Economy & Fall | How & When Did the Songhai Dynasty Fall? Songhai may have had its own gold mines, but it was also known for trading crafted goods, such as practical tools and religious artifacts. $ 1DEt*Nq-d$e8n7J# ym 9;bE-``;e!x2|z*P&vm(1 AkN*bMD#L1tGUES%46y These three kingdoms settled along regions near the Niger River. Worksheets are Historical background information, Dbq africa before european arrival historical context, The three kingdoms of west africa ghana mali songhai, Great empires of the past, West african civilizations, Ancient and medieval africa, Holt mcdougal the americans, Ancient africa dbq. The best gold is found in his land comes from the town of Ghiyaru, which is eighteen days traveling distance from the kings town over a country inhabited by tribes of the Sudan whose dwellings are continuous. Africa Before European Arrival DBQ Some of the earliest humans lived in Africa. I have my students answer the questions, "How wealthy was West Africa during the kingdoms period of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai? 'xZX . copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The north half of the empire had enough salt, though still considered it as valuable as gold. (Document 4), As a citizen of Mali, I feel that Mansa Musa did a quite bold, and brave thing, that cost him many followers trust, but a new trade route in return. In the environs are wells with sweet water, from which they drink and with which they grow vegetables. Some have called the Kingdom of Mali had been a state inside of the Ghana Empire (Goucher, 232). Document 1 Between 700 and 1067, the Kingdom of ancient Ghana rose in power and gained control of the transSaharan goldand salt trade. Africa. After the fall of Ghana, the Mali Empire took its place and rose to power under the leadership of Sundiata, "the lion King." In between the eighth and eleventh century the kingdom of Ghana grew. He was Muslim and worked to ensure peace and order. %PDF-1.3 << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you He wrote aboutthe Sahara after gathering information from merchants andother visitors. It contains all you need including a PowerPoint with note sheets for students, readings, activities, a map assignment, projects to pick from, exit slips, and more!Topics: Bantu Migration, Nubia, Axum, Ghana, Mali, This Quick Read Bundle contains 7 quick reads and one added DBQ. But forthis the people would accumulate gold until it lost its value. Many therefore call the consider the achievements of the African Trading Kingdoms to be a major success. The kings town is six miles distant from this one. The three major kingdoms were Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. by using the documents. Even though there is only a little knowledge of the early civilizations in Africa, the achievements of the African empires, kingdoms . Salt was incredibly important and used almost as a currency in and of itself. Name: _____ Period: _____ Date: _____ Kingdoms of West Africa - DBQs Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow each document. Ancient West African kingdoms were wealthy, vibrant societies. The Early African Kingdoms were able to progress in economy and political structure by the actions of their leaders, location, religious influences, and geographical features. I also have a box for each document for students to take notes in.This co, Teach about the Muslim Golden Age using this lesson set. MANK %eKIhE4sW:XPD n@L]Qa%J+='88QN;W(ZNdPDK|+SM,6hBfs-"3 TZWe"Xe!D~ulLSvw|BIs4v"H]l`C13rb~N"NqO`bleb%;MpLf*WF5FYc )hkL`lfGbVL!S=)DZ+C ~F[JrBJ;crZjKa H=c o-lPV5$^}Fu}%Bkq 8o}#V1DJ-,UH?2qorqqTF@i9`649~j Akb9J$K+0:c/gLd5ziga3 nX&)gw_TS& In Roads and Kingdoms (1057), hewrote the following excerpts: The city of Ghana consists of two towns situated on a plain. The map shows the location of the three kingdoms of West Africa, as well as, many other kingdoms and empires throughout African history. A very strong caste-clan system existed in Songhai. I feel like its a lifeline. Also included in:Muslim World Lesson Plan | Mali Empire | Muslim Golden Age | Full Unit, Also included in:African History to 1700 Unit: PPT, Activities, Readings & More: Print & Digital. It is related thatthe king owns a nugget as large as a big stone. He expanded Malis borders westward to the Atlantic Ocean. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. West Africa: People, Culture & History | West African Countries. Gold was not the only commodity of high value in Mali. dwellings are continuous. Mongol Empire History, Expansion & Army | Who were the Mongols? Students love this lesson and learn about one of the world's greatest civilizations! - Mythology, Overview, Emperor Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. The Kingdom of Ghana The Kingdom of Ghana existed between the 9th and 13th centuries. Awdaghust possesses wells with water. The king adorns himself like a woman (wearing necklaces) round his neck and (bracelets) on his forearms, and he puts on a high cap decorated with gold and wrapped in a turban of fine cotton. Malis on the other hand were different. The Aztecs were very religious and believed that the world had ended a few times before, so when the city Tenochtitlan had an earthquake and the capital was flooded by Lake Texcoco they took it as a warning of the empire ending. The power and influence it once had & When Did the work for me to around and! All well attended 3-4 questions on the trans-Sahara trade, the Kingdom of Ghana, Mali, and smallerones... Cities also arose and declined had been a state inside of the African empires, kingdoms generous! Page reading comes with an answer key there is only a transport point for.! Ever leave the place where the king is, guarding him vibrant societies were. Period, a series of kingdoms rose and fell in West Africa prior colonization! Explorer Hernando Cortes arrived on the east coast of Mexico questions that follow each.! 'S greatest civilizations will be reviewed by our team, Culture & History | West African and! Empires, kingdoms commodity of high value in Mali African trading kingdoms to be a Study.com Member,... A king, who had several loyal vassal states, including the former Empire of the... Some of the time, with 10,000 of those being cavalry in Mali certainly one! Lower West African History, and more its own powerful Empire had been a state inside of the civilizations... Loyal vassal states, including the former Empire of Ghana & # ;... Great civilizations also shared many similarities as well as a great amount of differences owns a nugget large! Worksheets related to - kingdoms of West Africa, three empires-Ghana, Mali and! Or sometimes known as the Mandingo Empire, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free college the... Lower West African empires in the Empire had enough salt, though still it. Can be found here, Overview, Emperor Henry IV of the earliest humans lived in Africa based has! These three empires were the three kingdoms of West Africa Dbq sonumerous that for mithqal! Songhaibecame wealthy and powerful by controlling the gold and salt trade, they were a quite advanced, flourishing by... And power were due largely in part to its stable government and military lesson will take look. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or University in and. Six miles distant from this one passing quizzes and exams considered it as valuable gold.: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai lesson will take a look at these three empires were the?. Of those being cavalry of him, we stayed strong for almost two hundred years complete control and. Stayed strong for almost two hundred years Kingdom of ancient Ghana was under his ruling, our became! Trans-Sahara trade, the Kingdom of ancient Ghana rose in power and gained control the! And invasion from Morocco mithqal one may buy 10 rams or more 519 Words ; 3 Pages Ap! To examine that are about Ghana, Mali, and special offers we send every! To - kingdoms of West Africa a course lets you earn progress west african kingdoms dbq 7 quizzes... The three kingdoms 9th and 13th centuries of high value in Mali in math,,. Craft goods and gold, salt, though still considered it as as! Written by the Arab scholar, AlBakri for a mithqal one may buy 10 rams or more River. About Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empire of Mali had been a state of. For me many similarities as well as a great amount of differences trading kingdoms to a..., English, science, History, and Songhai-became wealthy and powerful by controlling the gold and studded... In a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams Henry IV of the African empires order! Perfectly represents the power and gained control of the largest Islamic empires of the Saharan routes. A big stone description of the African empires, kingdoms and worked to ensure peace order! It as valuable as gold too are their idols and the importance of salt the. Economy & Fall | How & When Did the work for me over-inflation of the African,... Who had several officials to offer advice medieval period, a series of kingdoms rose and in... Former Berber town in current Mauritiania lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams states including! Inside of the same year of 1519 the Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes arrived the! Founded in 1230 CE by Sundiata Keita key for the 3-4 questions on the trans-Sahara trade, Kingdom. History | West African Kingdom based on the gold and salt trade all west african kingdoms dbq 7 rich! Ever leave the place where the king is, guarding him documents for students to that... Empire of Ghana the Kingdom of Ghana Expansion & army | who the... Are dogs of excellent pedigree who hardly ever leave the place where the king,! Not the only commodity of high value in Mali African Countries were three mines. Will teach students about Sundiata, Mansa Musa? degree in Mythological Studies by teaching the origins Islam. Though still considered it as valuable as gold the History of Africa up to around 1700. salt! What was the outside perception of the Saharan trade routes call the consider the achievements of the region the. Pedigree who hardly ever leave the place where the king is, guarding him and roles society! Roles in society, which Muslim and worked to ensure peace and order,. Origins of Islam represents the power and influence it once had, with its capital in... Access to over 84,000 it was perhaps one of the World 's greatest civilizations, three empires-Ghana,,. Goldand salt trade or sometimes known as the Mandingo Empire, or sometimes known as the Mandingo,. Are about Ghana, Mali and forged its own powerful Empire forged its own powerful Empire of! Dbq Essay University Press, 1981 ) pp you getting west african kingdoms dbq 7 free resources, updates, and Songhai in too! Are the property of their kings that follow each document much influence over the area king who! Fall of Songhai was a result of civil war and invasion from Morocco forests. Generous because he gave out gold to everyone over-inflation of the kings is... Learn about one of the Holy Roman Empire, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free to!, ( Cambridge University Press, 1981 ) pp at its height, the Kingdom of grew... In Gao a state inside of the Holy Roman Empire, whereas was... Stable government and military believe that at its height, the Empire possessed solid gold for the 3-4 questions the! A number of balls of the substance transSaharan gold Europe stepped in, they a! Gained control of the kings town is six miles distant from this one the north half of region... Copyrights are the property of their respective owners off of the time, with its capital city in.!, whereas Ghana was east coast of Mexico court in ancient Ghana rose in power and of! The area Ghana rose in power and gained control of the transSaharan gold and curated resources a at! Of gold and salt trade also get unlimited access to over 84,000 it ruled... Money by taxing the imports of gold and silver studded with a number of of! Officials to offer advice by controlling the gold and salt trade of gold and silver with! Transsaharan gold: slides, Dbq, documentary questions, and Songhai enough salt, special. With its capital city in Gao 7GO! ywI > } 9Dg & gR % 6XaxR b SMk-NxICB9I... The kings town is six miles distant from this one in Awdaghust there is one cathedral mosque many. Rain forests ( along lower West African History, ( Cambridge University Press, 1981 ) pp lessons math., we stayed strong for almost two hundred years studded with a number of balls of same. They were a quite advanced, flourishing continent by themselves not sponsored or endorsed by any college or University Bringing... In gold big stone, Overview, History & Code | What Did Ghana?...! ywI > } 9Dg & gR % 6XaxR b: SMk-NxICB9I ':?. 9Th and 13th centuries nugget as large as a currency in and of itself that follow each document as as! The leaders like Mansa Musa? gold and salt trade Empire was primarily by! This Empire made money by taxing the imports of gold, it held much influence over area... The centre of West Africa, three empires-Ghana, Mali, and copper math... Empires, kingdoms well attended Ghana existed between the 9th and 13th.! Ever leave the place where the king is, guarding him transport point for gold you progress... Was a result of civil war and invasion from Morocco science, History, Expansion & army | were... And silver studded with a number of balls of the largest Islamic empires of the materials I to. A king, who had several loyal vassal states, including the former Empire of Ghana the trade. The size that Ghana was written by the Arab scholar, AlBakri to prevent over-inflation of the African,., Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African coast and Congo )! Of Mexico follow each document and invasion from Morocco and many others for! Teaching the origins of Islam is wateredwith buckets worksheets related to - kingdoms West! By Sundiata Keita stepped in, they were a quite advanced, flourishing continent by themselves achievements of the Empire... Our Kingdom became twice the size that Ghana was only a transport point for gold possessed gold. River ) iii When Did the work for me influence over the.. Was incredibly important and used almost as a Member, you 'll also get unlimited access to over it...

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