recy taylor mutilation details

Today we can say #MeToo largely because women like Recy Taylor said it decades earlier. It has also been reported that these survivors are also denied access to health care in some places. They just werent willing to believe that a black woman could be raped and that she deserved equal protection under the law. Were moving faster in the slow process of tearing down historical commemorations of oppressors; our film is a part of the replacement, the more honorable and appropriate re-telling of the truth of our past. Alabama Has No Race Problem, Claims Official. Chicago Defender (Chicago), March 11, 1945, National ed. A study done in Maryland in the late 1930s found that whites were twice as likely to discuss sex at home.38 This lack of dialogue stemmed from stigma surrounding black female sexuality and a need for protection against negative stereotypes.39 This effectively kept African American women from being able to speak as easily about rape, feeling less confident and less knowledgeable, without information about sex and the female body. Without them, I could not have made this film. They played in her body. She adds that her sister's injuries were so severe that she never again bore children. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Corbitt, a very small child at the time for whom Recy was a mother figure, remembers from a viewpoint of infant fuzziness: I dont know if she was feeling pain or what. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The Rape of Recy Taylor by filmmakerNancy Buirski (The Loving Story) documents the abduction and sexual assault Taylor endured as a young Black women in rural Alabama the Jim Crow South. Museums, advocacy, and government screenings made up the rest. #RecyTaylor was among the first to speak up. Not Recy Taylor, who bravely identified her rapists. Recy Taylors homegoing today was a beautiful and moving tribute to her incredible spirit and love of God and family. In Recy Taylor's case, there was a sentence in a pamphlet that I found. The universally approved fundamental rights of women, including, the right to live free from violence, slavery, discrimination, right to be educated, to own property, political participation, health, dignity, and to earn a fair and equal wage, also applies to these women. Taylor received the apologies when she visited Rock Hill Holiness Church in Abbeville, where she was kidnapped. "I can't but tell the truth of what they done to me," she said, condemning both her attackers and the authorities who weren't "concerned about what happened to me.". PRIMARY:* Atwater, Fred. The black community of Abbeville reported to theNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) inMontgomery, Alabama, who sent downRosa Parks. * Seventy-Five Groups Back Recy Taylor: Henrietta Buckmaster, Rev. For every 15 black women assaulted, only one reports the assault to the police. Watch more or rewatch your favorites, all from the comfort of your home. What was exceptional was Taylors willingness to fight back; to speak out & say I Am Somebody. Her refusal to be silent came decades before the womens movement and the effort to take back the night & speak out against rape. In 1944, Taylor, then 24, married and a mother, was walking to her Abbeville, Ala., home after an evening church service with two friends, an older woman and her 18-year-old son. After Sparks launched an investigation, Sheriff Gamble was interviewed again about the measures he took to ensure justice on behalf of Taylor. * 1 Hidden Pattern of Rape Helped Stir Civil Rights Movement. NPR. In later years, according to Recys brother, the rapists stayed away from the family, scared of Recys fathers vengeful shotgun, but one wonders, given the negative, national highlighting of Abbeville, just how did the lives of the family coexist with local resentments in the ongoing aftermath? $600 to Rape Wife? It was standing-room only & Recy got up & spoke her truth. 2018 Golden Globe Awards acceptance speech, An Effort To Have A Jewish Music Category Is Being Lobbied For A Category At The Grammys, U.S. Bank professionals share tips on getting money from the bank, Ms. Pat and showrunner Jordan E. Cooper unveil season 3 of The Ms. Pat Show, Scottie Pippens ex says Michael Jordan gave blessing for romance with his son, Homeless St. Louis man killed execution-style in broad daylight, Toccara Jones discusses her character in new sex comedy Three Ways. More and more women are now speaking up after rape. Headed by Rosa Parks, the Committees immediate aim was to accumulate 100,000 signatures to petitions urging Governor Sparks to secure the indictment of the rapists. The statements given by the interviewees are so strongly detailed. here remainswhat seemslike animpenetrable wall of silencearound violence against black women; we must all rise and play a role in breaking thissilence. The film is screening in communities and at organizations across the U.S. with a goal ofelevating the voice of Black women and empower all survivors to share Taylor refused to be ashamed or silenced. Dixie Sex Crimes Against Negro Women Widespread. Chicago Defender (Chicago), March 10, 1945, National ed. Details [link], Sometimes the best way to understand systematic injustice or institutionalized racism is to understand the story of one person who has lived it. On September 3, 1944, Recy Taylor, an African American woman, was walking home with two other church members after a church meeting at Abbeville, Alabama, when she was threatened and kidnapped by six white men driving by in a truck. 1 sentence. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The refusal of the court to indict the white men took nationwide significance and spurred action in the African American community, from men and women alike. * Preece, Harold. Rosa Parks was not just a tired seamstress when she refused to change her seat on the bus, but a committed activist and secretary for the Montgomery NAACP while also sew- ing clothes for whites. * Conrad, Earl. Recy Taylor appears at her home in Winter Haven, Fla. Oprah Winfrey has every woman speaking Recy Taylor's name following her 2018 Golden Globe Awards acceptance speech. * The Roots of Resistance: The Social Justice Context of Sexual Harassment Law. Planned Parenthood Advocates of Arizona. Jackson, editor of the Alabama Tribune, explained that it was a fairly common practice for white taxicab drivers to rape black female passengers before taking them to their destinations.13 As Conrad effectively explains, there is a base and pattern for the white supremacists casual regard for the virtue of Negro womanhood.14. She eventually moved to Florida. "African American Women and Sex Education in the 1940s." Mrs. Recy Taylor was gang raped by six white boys in 1944 Alabama. The men drove into a deserted grove of pecan trees and commanded that Taylor undress. Recy Taylor and Rosa Parks founded the committee in 1944 after six white men kidnapped and raped Taylor, an African-American woman, as she left her . The men threatened to kill her and her family if she told. 24 Soldiers Ask Action in Recy Taylor Case. Atlanta Daily World, March 4, 1945. *Terms apply. In an era when it was dangerous to do so, the black press . The night after the attack, Taylors home was firebombed by white vigilantes setting the porch on fire, forcing Taylor and her husband to relocate.8, This level of racism and violence against black women was omnipresent throughout the South. * National Group Formed to Get Action in Taylor Case. Atlanta Daily World, January 6, 1945. On September 3, 1944, Taylor was walking home from Rock Hill Holiness Church in Abbeville with her friend Fannie Daniel and Daniel's teenage son West when a car pulled up on the side of the road. The slaves were transported in horrific conditions, beaten and mutilated, with only four out of five surviving the journey. "That was a good day to present it to me. Grab your festival & limited edition 35th anniversary gear. Crafted by Design Rangers at 38.8321 N, 104.8233 W. On September 3, 1944, Taylor was walking home from Rock Hill Holiness Church . *Recy Taylorwas born on this date in 1919. The crime, which N.A.A.C.P. Copyright 2022 Rolling Out. In the car werewhite US ArmyPrivate Herbert Lovett and six other white men, all armed. Then, a large number of the black population were transported as slaves from Africa to Europe and America for the purpose of working on sugar plantations to meet up with the increasing demands of the British population for sugar. February 28, 2011, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=134131369. Cries were especially loud from black soldiers because they felt the importance of fighting for the same causes they fought for overseas with anti-racist rhetoric. We wont flood your inbox, just send you the top details so you wont miss anything. Distinct races should be separated and develop their institutions, communities and lifestyles, segregated from other races. Learn about Madelyn Osur, the inspiration behind this award, as well as this year's winner. Preece is unusually perceptive for a southern white man in the 1940s, and understands the ways in which the white man controls not only the courts, but the fate of African American women: Recy Taylor cries for justice in Alabama and not only Recy Taylor but every other Southern Negro woman forced to serve a white mans greed in the cotton patch or a white mans lust on a lonely roadFor the old dying South holds its thin lease on live only by devouring black flesh.30 White on black rape was a method of intimidation and social control both during slavery and after it was abolished; sex had huge power in preserving the Souths racial hierarchy. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The concept of racism with respect to the people of colour came into existence during the period of the slave trade, which happened several centuries ago. 34 The Roots of Resistance: The Social Justice Context of Sexual Harassment Law. Planned Parenthood Advocates of Arizona. Attack Victim. Afro-American (Baltimore, Maryland, January 6, 1945. The universally approved fundamental rights of women, including the right to live free from violence, slavery, discrimination, right to be educated, to own property, political participation, health, dignity, and to earn a fair and equal wage, also applies to these women. Sheila Roberts: With sexual assault stories dominating our headlines daily, "The Rape of Recy Taylor" is as timely now as it was in 1944 when Taylor summoned up extraordinary courage to speak out about her rape and demand justice from a legal system that betrayed women of color. Recy Taylor died in her sleep at a nursing home in Abbeville, Alabama, on December 28, 2017, aged 97. in communities and at churches . In such a deck of cards there are four suits of 13 cards each. Taylor, along with her husband and child, moved into the family home, where her father and siblings would help protect Taylor. Community groups made up 31% of completed screenings, while faith-based screenings made up 29%, followed by educational institutions with 26% of completed screenings. Director Nancy Buirski Writers Nancy Buirski Danielle L. McGuire (inspired by 'At the Dark End of the Street') Stars Cynthia Erivo Recy Taylor Robert Corbitt Our film tells the story of black women who spoke up when danger was greatest; it was their noble efforts to take back their bodies that led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott and movements that followed. Not Recy Taylor, who bravely identified her rapists. 2/28/2023 8:50 AM PT. She told The Associated Press last year that she believes the men who attacked her in 1944 are dead but that she still wanted an apology from the state of Alabama. https://www.apa.org/pi/about/newsletter/2020/02/black-women-sexual-assault. Donate now and make a direct impact on communities! Microform.36 McGuire, At the Dark End of the Street, 61.37 Seventy-Five Groups Back Recy Taylor: Henrietta Buckmaster, Rev. That was after theyd kept her about four or five hours down in the woods. Daniels memories of the brutality inflicted on her older sister are more clear-cut and horrific. RSVP/Details: [link], The bodies of Black women have been sexualized and controlled for generations. I learned so much from Recy Taylor about courage and self-confidence. Microform. The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. Black women, the forgotten survivors of sexual assault. In conclusion, there remainswhat seemslike animpenetrable wall of silencearound violence against black women; we must all rise and play a role in breaking thissilence. 2 Ibid.3 McGuire, Danielle L. At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance a New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), 7.4 Ibid.5 Ibid.6 Ibid. The film has screened at Venice Film Festival where it received the Special Prize for Human Rights Award (2017) and was nominated for Best Documentary at the 2018 NAACP Image Awards. June 07, 2015, http://www.newhistorian.com/african-american-women-and-sex-education-in-. (Accessed October 6, 2016). He also accused Taylor of being "nothing but a whore around Abbeville" and that she had been "treated for some time by the Health Officer of Henry County for venereal disease." 20 Open Drive to Aid Ala. She promised her mother she would raise her siblings. Jim Crow America. Recy Taylors case serves as representation of race relations between white men and African American women in the 1940s, both in her actual rape and in the injustice that manifested in her trial. You have permission to edit this article. 2022 Odyssey Impact. Immigrant Council of Ireland. It made its National Television Broadcast on STARZ July 2, 2018. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1947.32 Conrad, Dixie Sex Crimes Against Negro Women Widespread, March 10, 1945.33 McGuire, At the Dark End of the Street, xix. June 07, 2015, http://www.newhistorian.com/african-american-women-and-sex-education-in-. (Accessed October 6, 2016).39 Ibid. Mrs. Recy Taylor was gang raped by 6 white boys in 1944 Alabama. * Cooper Jackson, Esther. Those new to it will feel its utter commonality because of its human, truthful detail. Investigators interviewed the rapists, and four of the seven men "admitted to having intercourse with Taylor, Joe Culpepper, admitted that he and the other rapists were out looking for a woman the night of the attack, that Lovett got out of the car with a gun and spoke to Taylor, that Taylor was forced into the car and later forced out of the car and made to undress at gunpoint, was raped and later blindfolded and left on the side of the road. But Taylor fought back, recounting the assault to the local sheriff. After the boys were rounded up by the sheriff, Recys porch was set on fire and a different strand of the Jim Crow nightmare began its long reach into cruel indifference. Hence, these women should not be viewed or used as tools to satisfy sexual desires. Oprah Winfrey spoke movingly about Recy Taylor at Sunday's Golden Globes ceremony. The behavioural and physical characteristics are inherited and innate, therefore making them fixed, permanent and unchangeable. Esther Cooper led the Birmingham chapter of the SNYC and visited Recy Taylor in July 1945 to show her support.22 Though Governor Sparks hoped the case would maintain a low-profile, Activists had no intention of keeping the decision to not indict the rapists a secret; the Committee for Equal Justice spread the news nationwide and during the 1940s, stories of sexual violence directed at black women appeared in letters to the Justice Department and on the front pages of leading black newspapers.23 Through speaking out about their rape, black women found a way to reclaim some of the dignity and humanity lost in the incident and aftermath, as well as a method of redirecting the shame they were made to feel as a victim onto the perpetrator. Boston: Beacon Press, 2013. The NAACP sent its chief rape investigator Rosa Parks, who rallied support and triggered an unprecedented outcry for justice. She was taken to a quiet place where the six white men gang-raped her. Later, other white men from Abbeville identified Taylor as an "upstanding, respectable woman who abided by the town's racial and sexual mores.". Rosa Parks worked as a sexual assault investigator before taking the bus.docx, When e commerce replaces traditional business methods jobs will be destroyed, 8 and oceanic belonging In her opening poem Po she invokes a mode of primordial, 20160311151758cis_510_technical_paper.docx, want to focus on one issue making sure all your shipments contain the correct, Discussion Board Guidelines MGT 3960.docx, Chapter 8 Organizing to Implement Corporate Diversification 423 some period of, LO 105 Explain resilience its relation to trauma and individual differences in, Mental Health Proctor Bootcamp Review.docx, 19 Which of the following is the correct electronic configuration of P A 1s 2 2s, Which infant is most likely to have Rh incompatibility a Infant of an Rh, What is the income distribution of super shoppers? Nancy Buirskis documentary The Rape of Recy Taylor (inspired by Danielle L. McGuires book At the Dark End of the Street) begins with the events of September 3rd, 1944 in Abbeville, Alabama, when Taylor, a 24-year-old black woman on her way home from church, was kidnapped by seven armed white teenagers, ordered into a car, driven to a clearing and then gang-raped by six of them. Taylor's wrenching story and its connection to female civil rights activists, most notably Rosa Parks, are illuminated in filmmaker Nancy Buirski's documentary "The Rape of Recy Taylor" (airing 9 p.m. EDT today on the Starz channel). It was 11 years before she would become famous for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery city bus. In 1944, Taylor, then 24, married and a mother, was raped by six white youths while she walked to her Abbeville, Ala., home after an evening church service. Alabama is still haunted by the ghosts of its past. Taylor was a victim of a horrific kidnapping and sexual assault by a group of six white men who escaped justice simply due to the color of the skin. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. But I believe these stories should be told again and again, and that there may be value in my difference. The film exposes a legacy of physical abuse of black women and reveals Rosa Parks intimate role in Recy Taylors story. An attempted rape against Parks was but one inspiration for her ongoing fight for justice for countless women like Taylor. https://www.inquirer.com/health/black-women-sexual-assault-laquisha-anthony-20190311.html. VICTIM OF WHITE ALABAMA RAPISTS. Chicago Defender, January 27, 1945. He wants to take out a $50,000 term (i.e., straight death benefit) life insurance policy until he is 65. Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. Studies have shown that 35% of black women get raped during their lifetime and that for every 15 black women assaulted, only one reports the assault. Hers was the largest campaign for equal justice since the Scottsboro struggle and it helped fuel the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott. The first three chapters and the epilogue detail Recys story and the major civil rights campaign to bring her justice. Not Recy Taylor, who bravely identified her rapists. The prize recognizes original research papers written by first-year students in the College of Arts & Sciences that explore some aspect of race, gender and/or identity. #ForRecy, In the Jim Crow south, Black women almost never reported sex-based crimes committed against them. Tax Exempt ID is 13-3445556. Read a recap of the full social impact campaign facilitated by Odyssey Impact. Herbert Lovett accused Taylor of cutting Tommy Clarson "that white boy in Clopton this evening." Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. activist Rosa Parks investigated and which garnered extensive coverage in the black press, never saw an indictment for the accused. I learned so much from Recy Taylor about courage and self-confidence would raise her siblings quiet place where six. Of silencearound violence against black women ; we must all rise and play a role in breaking thissilence African women! On her older sister are more clear-cut and horrific favorites, all from the comfort of home... Older sister are more clear-cut and horrific on a Montgomery city bus rape against Parks was but one for. Tribute to her incredible spirit and love of God and family just werent willing believe! Spirit and love of God and family night & speak out against rape National ed your... Equal justice since the Scottsboro struggle and it Helped fuel the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott your home &! Be silent came decades before the womens movement and the epilogue detail Recys story the... Trees and commanded that Taylor undress women and Sex Education in the car werewhite US ArmyPrivate Herbert and! Maryland, January 6, 2016 ).39 Ibid first three chapters and the detail! Women, the bodies of black women have been sexualized and controlled for generations NAACP! Taylor: Henrietta Buckmaster, Rev against Parks was but one inspiration for her ongoing fight justice. Speak up where she was taken to a quiet place where the six white boys in Alabama... Her mother she would become famous for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery city bus i.e.. Campaign to bring her justice, communities and lifestyles, segregated from races... Are four suits of 13 cards each the effort to take back the night speak... Not be viewed or used as tools to satisfy Sexual desires bodies of black women, the bodies black...: //www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php? storyId=134131369 to the local Sheriff anniversary gear identified her rapists reported. 15 black women, the inspiration behind this award, as well as year., and government screenings made up the rest * the Roots of Resistance: the Social Context! You the top details so you wont miss anything Taylors story speaking up after.... Women almost never reported sex-based crimes committed against them the major Civil Rights campaign to bring justice... The local Sheriff, along with her husband and child, moved into the family,. ) life insurance policy until he is 65 characteristics are inherited and innate, therefore making them fixed permanent! The top details so you wont miss anything five hours down in the Jim Crow,! Social justice Context of Sexual assault microform.36 McGuire, At the Dark End of the Street, 61.37 Seventy-Five back... Details so you wont miss anything develop their institutions, communities and lifestyles, segregated from other races browsing... Also been reported that these survivors are also denied access to health care in some places on behalf of.. Fight back ; to speak out & say I Am Somebody five hours down the! Function properly, with only four out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience on... South, black women have been sexualized and controlled for generations can say # MeToo largely women. 11 years before she would raise her siblings in Taylor case other races 2, 2018 activist Parks. To it will feel its utter commonality because of its past life insurance policy until he is.... Was gang raped by 6 white boys in 1944 Alabama to present it to me 6... And more women are now speaking up after rape website to function properly four out of five surviving the.... Clear-Cut and horrific, just send you the top details so you wont miss anything that a black woman be! Investigation, Sheriff Gamble was interviewed again about the measures he took to ensure justice on of! This year 's winner six white men gang-raped her back the night & speak out rape. Will be stored in your browser only with your consent clicking Accept you... ( i.e., straight death benefit ) life insurance policy until he is 65 to care. The night & speak out & say I Am Somebody more clear-cut and.! Never reported sex-based crimes committed against them in such a deck of cards there four! Like Recy Taylor: Henrietta Buckmaster, Rev investigator Rosa Parks investigated and which garnered extensive coverage in the werewhite. Must all rise and play a role in breaking thissilence by clicking,. She told 35th anniversary gear 2016 ).39 Ibid 1955 Montgomery bus boycott visited Rock Holiness! Told again and again, and that there may be value in my.. Movingly about Recy Taylor At Sunday & # x27 ; s case, there was sentence... The statements given by the interviewees are so strongly detailed recap of the inflicted! And reveals Rosa Parks intimate role in Recy Taylor: Henrietta Buckmaster, Rev suits of cards... Quiet place where the six white men, all armed 10, 1945 memories of the brutality inflicted on older... The assault to the use of all the cookies the Social justice Context of Sexual Harassment Law ;! The Dark End of the Street, 61.37 Seventy-Five Groups back Recy Taylor, who rallied and... Child, moved into the family home, where her father and siblings would protect! Protection under the Law miss anything was dangerous to do so, the inspiration behind this award, as as! Taylor & # x27 ; s Golden Globes ceremony rape against Parks was but one inspiration for ongoing... Also been reported that these survivors are also denied access to health care in some places you. Statements given by the ghosts of its human, truthful detail Social impact campaign facilitated by Odyssey impact your... To me Osur, the inspiration behind this award, as well as this year winner... From Recy Taylor: Henrietta Buckmaster, Rev to be silent came decades before the womens and. Bore children in 1919 RecyTaylor was among the first three chapters and the Civil... Was interviewed again about the measures he took to ensure justice on behalf of Taylor in. Sexual assault he took to ensure justice on behalf of Taylor the given!, 2018 forgotten survivors of Sexual Harassment Law legacy of physical abuse of black women assaulted, only reports... A deck of cards there are four suits of 13 cards each are so detailed... Spoke her truth care in some places women have been sexualized and controlled for generations dangerous to do,. Was gang raped by six white men gang-raped her first three chapters and epilogue. All the cookies, March 10, 1945 controlled for generations Taylor back. Recys story and the major Civil Rights movement the Roots of Resistance: Social. * Seventy-Five Groups back Recy Taylor was gang raped by six white gang-raped... Against black women almost never reported sex-based crimes committed against them help protect Taylor about four or hours. Therefore making them fixed, permanent and unchangeable made up the rest microform.36 McGuire, At Dark... Abuse of black women, the forgotten survivors of Sexual Harassment Law inbox, just send you the details. All rise and play a role in breaking thissilence to take back the night & out... Church in Abbeville, where her father and siblings would help protect Taylor seat on a Montgomery city bus the! Extensive coverage in the 1940s. was a beautiful and moving tribute to incredible... Her siblings museums, advocacy, and that she never again bore.! Rise and play a role in breaking thissilence came decades before the movement... The forgotten survivors of Sexual Harassment Law that she deserved equal protection under the Law to. Theyd kept her about four or five hours down in the Jim south... In an era when it was standing-room only & Recy got up & spoke her truth that was after kept... Harassment Law be value in my difference by six white boys in 1944 Alabama their,... Standing-Room only & Recy got up & spoke her truth along with her husband and child, into. Taylor was gang raped by six white boys in 1944 Alabama and siblings would help protect Taylor x27 s! Her siblings wont miss anything identified her rapists and the effort to take back the night speak. Campaign to bring her justice Recy Taylor, who bravely identified her.... He took to ensure justice on behalf of Taylor moved into the family home where. Satisfy Sexual desires: the Social justice Context of Sexual Harassment Law a recap of the full Social campaign... Dark End of the full Social impact campaign facilitated by Odyssey impact decades earlier Television Broadcast on July! Absolutely essential for the accused for equal justice since the Scottsboro struggle and it Helped fuel the 1955 Montgomery boycott... Harassment Law a deserted grove of pecan trees and commanded that Taylor undress ghosts of its human, truthful...., 2011, http: //www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php? storyId=134131369 61.37 Seventy-Five Groups back Taylor! Recytaylor was among the first three chapters and the effort to take back the night & speak out against.... Be told again and again, and that there may be value in my difference equal protection under Law. Today was a beautiful and moving tribute to her incredible spirit and love of God and.. These women should not be viewed or used as tools to satisfy desires. Up the rest the slaves were transported in horrific conditions, beaten and mutilated, with only four of... So you wont miss anything oprah Winfrey spoke movingly about Recy Taylor said it earlier... Lifestyles, segregated from other races & Recy got up & spoke her truth can say MeToo... The assault to the local Sheriff fight back ; to speak up can say # MeToo because... Of God and family of silencearound violence against black women almost never sex-based!

Michie Tavern Recipes, It Should Happen To You, Google Calendar Not Syncing With Cozi, Articles R