importance of military logistics

This was enough military cargo to fill the deck space of 58 Nimitz class aircraft carriers. Equally absent since that time has been the need to apply combat power to preserve logistics capabilities. To appreciate the challenge confronting Americas logistical capabilities, imagine having to execute a future operation similar in scale to the major deployment of U.S. combat power to Kuwait in preparation for Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) in March 2003. Within logistics, the supply function is critical to equipment readiness. He was the director of the Military Logistics Program in the RAND Arroyo Center from 2011 to 2016 and has worked extensively in supply chain management, logistics, and data analytics. 101, Issue 10 (October 2017), https://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/2017/10/21st-century-logistics (accessed May 29, 2018). Logistics is vital to any military campaign. Mathematical optimization of a common, periodically updated authorized stockage list for each of the U.S. Army's three types of ground brigade combat teams provides improved performance in support of equipment readiness and reduced transition costs. Which successful supply chain organizations use to execute operations efficiently and increase value for their end customers. In addition, the success of every new system and concept, every new technology and military organization, must be evaluated against the commensurate evolution and revolution in logistics sustainability. They are innovative in thought and practice, with a command and control architecture that is immunized against cyber and electronic warfare threats, and data-driven through predictive analytics. U.S. Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) provides daily examples of what it takes to keep U.S. forces and their sustainment moving around the world. Lovelace February 27, 2023. Girardinihas led projects focusing. Equipment readiness is another area of concern. The success of military logistics during the past 16-plus years of overseas combat operations is partly to blame for anyones assumption that continued logistical success in the ever-changing national security environment is a given across the entirety of the military logistics enterprise. The Importance of In-Transit Visibility on U. S. Military Logistics INTRODUCTION Just as Abraham Maslow presented a hierarchy of human needs from survival to growth, military logistics mirrors this building block approach to satisfying certain basic needs before more advanced facets of military strategy and doctrine can be formulated. Logistics and supply-chain management Alexander's 35,000-man army could carry no more than a 10-day supply of food when remote from sea transport.1 Yet, 5. The Movement Coordination Centre Europe commissioned RAND Europe to conduct a scoping study to understand constraints of operating in Africa, as well as barriers to the efficient coordination of airlift and other logistic support in the continent. The shrinking militaryindustrial base that provides the wherewithal of national power faces significant challenges because of unpredictable budgets and inconsistent program funding. It is of vital importance for any military operation and, without it, operations could not be carried out and sustained. In February, MSC Pacific provided direct support in the activation of 10 MSC cargo ships at various West Coast ports. Twenty-five of 33 Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force ships were providing combat logistics for the carrier strike groups and amphibious strike groups involved in Operation Iraqi Freedom. The landings in Normandy and the following supply chains had a large influence on the success of the allied operations. The research findings summarize Patton's career and his exposure to the importance logistics plays in modern war. The Importance of Military Logistics The Swiss strategist Antoine Henri Jomini defined "logistics" as "the practical art of moving armies." [8] He listed 18 constituent elements of a wide range: "successive arrival of convoys of supplies. Logistics owns the great privilege of . The company understands the importance of logistics and has developed a reliable supply chain to deliver coffee to troops in even the most remote and hostile locations. The ability to meet the NDS requirements requires a significantly more agile force. Our logistics enterprise is absolutely vital for responding to emergencies while preparing for future conflicts." "I've been unwavering in my insistence that we cannot build a combat creditable deterrence if we do not have the logistics capability and capacity to realistically support the complex military operational plans we are likely . The term logistics was not commonly used until shortly before World War II, but the concept and understanding of logistics have been around since the earliest days of warfare. Logistics is critical not only to employing the force, but also (and perhaps even more importantly) to building the everyday readiness of the force. The core functions within logistics are supply, maintenance, deployment and distribution, health services, logistic services, engineering, and operational contract support (OCS).7 Logistics includes planning and executing the movement and support of forces as well as those aspects of military operations that deal with: Thus, military logistics defining attributesagility, survivability, responsiveness, and effectivenessare measured by the breadth and depth of these core functions, which affect the military from force generation to training to the readiness of units stationed at home and abroad. It also outlines a range of options to deliver global mobility in dynamic threat and policy environments. Military units cannot perform their mission without the equipment needed to do so. The U.S. military has not had to fight its way to the fight since World War II. The Movement Coordination Centre Europe commissioned RAND Europe to conduct a scoping study to understand constraints of operating in Africa, as well as barriers to the efficient coordination of airlift and other logistic support in the continent. To the lowest war fighter, logistics support must . It must coordinate with allies and partners to place combined force capabilities against the adversarys weakness and develop and sustain a broad array of overseas advanced bases that will change frequently and provide the responsiveness and effectiveness needed to prevail despite enemy efforts to prevent U.S. forces from getting to or operating within the theater of combat. The operational integration of these various capabilities provides the linkage between the tactical and strategic levels: a means to leverage the Arsenal of Democracy29 in the hands of the men and women who serve in harms way around the globe. It's impossible to overstate the benefits of business logistics systems or the importance of distribution logistics. Logistics. 28. 12. Additionally, U.S. and partner-nation forces had significant time to deploy military capability, ultimately using a single point of entry with mature facilities and infrastructure and Internet access. Reductions in the size and capability of the industrial base, limitations on our national sealift capacity, and aging of the infrastructure needed to move personnel, weapons systems, ammunition, and fuel all directly challenge the ability of the United States to project military power. Military partnerships exponentially improve the depth of logistics capacity available, creating force posture options that may not have existed before, shape regional capability, and influence long-term commitment through the sharing of organic and non-organic national industrial capability. The authors propose assessing the defense acquisition system's ability to overcome the operational problems outlined in the 2018 National Defense Strategy, discuss why the approach is valuable, and suggest next steps. The report also offers recommendations for improved distribution monitoring. The importance of logistics was central to Alexander's plans, indeed his mastery of it allowed him to conduct the longest . Simply stated, supply readiness is the ability to have the right types and amount of equipment available for a ground unit, a ship, or an aviation unit. Raison D'etre 17. Fact Sheet, Civil Reserve Air Fleet, U.S. Air Force, July 28, 2014, http://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104583/civil-reserve-air-fleet/ (accessed May 29, 2018). In assessing the true value of logistics, however, one needs to distinguish between efficiency and effectiveness, even though the former certainly affects the latter. It must be able to dictate the time and tempo of its buildup and control the massive capabilities of the U.S. military. John E. Wissler, Lieutenant General, USMC (Ret.). Peter Dye, The Bridge to Airpower: Logistics Support for Royal Flying Corps Operations on the Western Front, 1914-18 Aircraft are complicated machines. This study identifies the likely changes that will arise in global mobility requirements for UK Armed Forces between now and 2040. In short, we need to have the ability to autonomously anticipate the needs of the commander, not simply respond faster to bottom-up needs identification. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrarsenalofdemocracy.html, (accessed May 29, 2018). The Military Ensures Our Freedom and Safety Around the World From the battlefields of the American Revolution to the front lines of Eastern Europe, American service members have been ensuring the freedom of America and its allies for centuries. The importance and the proportion of military logistics have developed at the same pace as the development of the industry of defence and the reassesment of the war concepts thus being forced to face bigger demands 22. The U.S. military has seven geographic combatant commands set up around the world Europe, Africa, the Pacific Rim, the Middle East, South America, North America and even . During World War II, from 1939 to 1945, the United States delivered 1,089 warfighting ships to the fleet that today would be classified as battle force ships. Military strategic capability is achieved by the economic, industrial and military might of a nation. 10. Responsiveness can be improved by leveraging industrial-base support from the point of manufacture to the tactical edge forces. This requires both technological and training/conceptual change across the force, not exclusively in the logistics enterprise. Military operations involve multifaceted threats, many with differing agendas, reactive capabilities, and adaptive competencies in a non-static environment. MSC normally operates 120 civilian-crewed, non-combatant ships for a variety of missions around the world. . These are far from back office functions and are truly what sustain the force and support its warfighting readiness. Supply and logistics operations are important for the world's armed forces, fulfilling the needs of fighting and administrative units. Military 80 Penn State program trains Marines on battlefield logistics DC Velocity DECEMBER 18, 2018 The planning done by the German general staff, and the recognition of the importance of railway-based logistics in moving the mobilized reserve, was such that their plans were dubbed, "war by timetable." How do these provisional units currently source personnel and equipment requirements? They are in charge of everything from buying new machinery to training of troops, and maintenance of vehicles and facilities. US admits "We're not the clear [technology] leaders that we used to be" Logistics is perhaps the most complex and interrelated capability provided by todays military. Supply readiness has been the subject of various testimonies to Congress regarding the readiness of the force on land, in the air, or on the sea. The role and importance of logistics Admiral Brewer put these accomplishments into context: The amount of cargo we delivered could fill all 119 Division 1-A college football fields three times over.22 Specifically: From November 2002 to May 2003, nearly 85,000 pieces of cargo and 4,000 containers of ammunition, requiring 16 million square feet of cargo space, were loaded aboard MSC ships under MSC Atlantics operational control. Reverse logistics is an important aspect of supply chain management, like when you order from amazon and need to return your products which can be a process in itself. Lacking something as simple as power generation capability on a ship, on the ground, or on an aircraft can prevent a unit from establishing the command and control capabilities that are vital to modern warfighting. The company's dedication to logistics and the military community ensures that soldiers have access to the best coffee possible, even in the most challenging . The best example of a military outrunning its supply lines are the German experiences in both World Wars. Currently slated to graduate in . Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND, and Ph.D. Student, Pardee RAND Graduate School, Ph.D. Student, Pardee RAND Graduate School, and Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND. Prior to World War I, the German Army knew in detail what it would take to deploy the force via railroads to the frontiers. In this report, the authors explore whether individual characteristics, economic and geographic factors, and the new Blended Retirement System can provide new insights into what predicts retention of maintenance, logistics, and munitions personnel. CIMIC is perceived as being synony- On deeper inspection, however, the differences are profound. ognition of the importance of the logistics system to these ar-mies, attacks on magazines, baggage trains, and lines of . The ability of the system to support the joint force in the event of major conflict is at best untested and could be problematic. The end for which a soldier is recruited, clothed, armed, and trained, the whole objective of his sleeping, eating, drinking, and marching is simply that he should fight at the right place and the right time. Personnel readiness is also affected by other logistics-related issues such as the lack of training throughput caused by insufficient, inadequate, or nonfunctional training facilities or the disruption caused by manpower transitions across the force that limit the availability of ready personnel. The Military Health System needs an agile, resilient, and global network of treatment and storage facilities and transportation assets, as well as knowledge of gaps and risks that could hinder effective medical support for future combat operations. The manufacturer isn't a logistician and neither is the consumer; and both need the logistics middle man to deliver what they need. Of the 42 ships in the Prepositioning Program, 33 were underway or had already off-loaded gear for warfighting forces in the Persian Gulf area. This will include capabilities to enhance close combat lethality in complex terrain.24 With regard to mobility and resilience, our military will be required to field ground, air, sea, and space forces that can deploy, survive, operate, maneuver, and regenerate in all domains while under attack. Unlike commercial firms that can prepare by the calendar, the military must operate without knowing when the date of each event occurs and still have the ability to respond to a sudden change in the latest hot item within hours, if not minutes. The U.S. has only 23 designated Strategic Seaports17 commercially operated and six under military controlthat make it possible to sustain overseas forces daily and keep them sustained during wartime. In a time of constrained fiscal resources, this means doing differently with less. In January 2003 momentum was really gaining and APS-3 downloaded several ships of equipment into theater. This trend is very similar across the industrial capacity capabilities that produce aircraft and major land-component warfighting systems. Strong operations professional with a Master of Science - MS focused in Human Resources Management & Development (CIPD) from The University of Salford. James Mattis, Secretary of Defense, Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America: Sharpening the American Militarys Competitive Edge, U.S. Department of Defense, p. 7, https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf (accessed May 29, 2018). James R. Broyles, Ph.D., is an operations researcher at the RAND Corporation with interests in military logistics, military personnel, personnel capacity planning, healthcare delivery, stochastic processes, computer simulation, and applied statistics. 1. logistics , In military science, all the activities of armed-force units in support of combat units, including transport, supply, communications, and medical aid. /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/reports, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/blogPosts, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/multimedia, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/caseStudies, How China Understands and Assesses Military Balance, Russian Military Operations in Ukraine in 2022 and the Year Ahead, Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia, RAND President and CEO Presenting to House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, RAND Experts Discuss the First Year of the Russia-Ukraine War, Helping Coastal Communities Plan for Climate Change, Measuring Wellbeing to Help Communities Thrive, Assessing and Articulating the Wider Benefits of Research, Military and Defense-Related Supply Chains, Common Authorized Stockage Lists for the U.S. Army's Brigade Combat Teams, Improving Precommissioning Assignments and Readiness on the U.S. Coast Guard Offshore Patrol Cutter, Rapidly Detecting and Correcting Degradation of Military Supply Distribution Performance: Algorithms, Visualizations, and Case Studies, The Problem of Intra-Theater Lift: Moving Things Around in the Pacific Area of Responsibility, Assessing the Effectiveness of Future Concepts in the U.S. Air Force: Application to Future Logistics Concepts, Supporting Combat Power Projection Away from Fixed Infrastructure, Retention of Enlisted Maintenance, Logistics, and Munitions Personnel: Analysis and Results, Implementing Variable Cost Pricing in the Transportation Working Capital Fund, A Tradition of Service: Q&A with Two Veterans, Achieving Global Mobility: Future Force Design 2040, Global Mobility: Future Force Design 2040, An Analysis of Alternative Approaches to Measuring Multinational Interoperability: Early Development of the Army Interoperability Measurement System (AIMS). Shipbuilding History, Large Naval Ships and Submarines, http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/navalships.htm (accessed July 27, 2018). Researchers identified approaches the U.S. Coast Guard could take to improve crew satisfaction with precommissioning assignments on offshore patrol cutters and overall fleet readiness, then evaluated the options using five criteria. 68, Issue 1 The aim of this paper is to present the role, importance and trends of logistics development in modern conditions, as well as to present different approaches to the study of logistics, and approaches in the education and development of military logistics professionals. Logisticsthe transfer of personnel and materiel from one location to another, as well as the maintenance of that materielis essential for a military to be able to support an ongoing deployment or respond effectively to emergent threats. Imagine further that this must be accomplished against a force that has near-parity with our technological capabilities and the ability to engage us from fixed, friendly facilities with engagement timed on their terms. Field Marshal Viscount Slim, Defeat into Victory: Battling Japan in Burma and India, 19421945 (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000), pp. While 10 percent of the cargo was delivered by other means, primarily aircraft, understanding the magnitude and significance of sea-based sustainment is critical to understanding what it takes to deploy and employ the U.S. military. Improvements in logistics effectiveness require improved integrated capabilities and authorities that allow logistics challenges to be resolved at the lowest levels, leveraging shared awareness, and focused on effectiveness. The Army Strategic Logistics Plan ASLP is the Army Logistics communitys strategy to achieve the DCSLOGs Logistics Vision the Revolution in Military Logistics RML. USTRANSCOM conducts more than 1,900 air missions during an average week and has 25 ships underway and 10,000 ground shipments operating in 75 percent of the worlds countries. The growing complexity and diversity of the needs of modern-day armies require supply and logistics efficiency, enabling militaries to achieve national goals. For the want of a nail the shoe was lost, / For the want of a shoe the horse was lost, / For the want of a horse the rider was lost, / For the want of a rider the battle was lost, / For the want of a battle the kingdom was lost, / And all for the want of a horseshoe-nail. Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richards Almanack, https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/poor-richard-s-almanac (accessed May 30, 2018). 26. The impact of logistics beyond readiness grows exponentially when taken in the context of the larger complexities of strategic logistics capabilities such as national and international highway, rail, port, and sealift capacities. The mix of ships encompassed all four of MSCs programs, and included the U.S. Maritime Administrations Ready Reserve Force, and more than four times the normal daily number of commercial ships. An understanding of the changing requirements must be achieved in the absence of direct input from the supported force through predictive capabilities that are enabled through improved artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities. DNA, Oxford Living Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/dna (accessed May 29, 2018). More than 90 percent of the military cargo to support OIF was delivered by MSC ships. With a single command, the soldiers needed can be supplied by the drone wherever they are. 3. That was more than 78 percent of the total MSC active fleet of 214 ships that dayships dedicated to supporting the US forces. These interventions enable logistics capability development for new generations of warfare. After the Cold War, U.S. logistics planners moved away from a focus on effectiveness to a focus on efficiency in the sense that little is left idle for significant periods and that commodities are delivered at minimum cost. Alexander the Great noted with dark humor the importance and complexity of logistics during his campaigns of conquest nearly 2,400 years ago: My logisticians are a humorless lotthey know if my campaign fails, they are the first ones I will slay.13 Alexanders ability to move a force from Greece to India and back, conquering adversaries in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia and leaving functioning outposts along the way, attests to his logistical prowess. In coordination with USTRANSCOMs distribution functions, the actions of the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) as supplier for the military are equally staggering in scope and scale. Data Rights Relevant to Weapon Systems in Air Force Special Operations Command, Strategic Airlift in Africa: Understanding Challenges and Opportunities for the Movement Coordination Centre Europe (MCCE) and Member Nations. The hybrid logistics attributes that Dana describes are a mixture of legacy and evolving technologies. The acquisition, storage, distribution, use, maintenance, and disposal of materiel; Medical services including patient movement, evacuation, and hospitalization for U.S. and partner personnel as well as indigenous personnel affected by operations; Facilities and infrastructure acquisition, construction, use, and disposition; Provision of food, water, and operational hygiene and sanitation support; Operational contract support including contract management; Infrastructure assessment, repairs, and maintenance; Common-user logistics support to other U.S. government entities, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, and other nations; Establishing and sustaining large-scale and enduring detention compounds; Planning, coordinating, and integrating host-nation support from overseas partners; Disposal operations that deal with the removal and remediation of waste and unusable military property; In-transit visibility of sustainment and asset visibility of all major military end items; and. In late March 2003 MSC reached a peak of 167 ships in the Steel Bridge of Democracy, carrying the torch of freedom to the Iraqi people in the words of Rear Admiral D. L. Brewer III, Commander, Military Sealift Command. During the height of Operation Iraqi Freedom, MSC had 167 of its 214 active ships directly supporting the war. With the coming in of COVID-19, global concerns are rising, and it is necessary to take proper care of everything. FORT DETRICK, Md. 11. One chain, fast but low volume, moves commodities like food, medicine and clothing - the . Direct support in the event of major conflict is at best untested and could be problematic military units not! Logistics RML, Lieutenant General, USMC ( Ret. ) and his exposure to the lowest war fighter logistics... The joint force in the activation of 10 MSC cargo ships at various West Coast ports preserve logistics capabilities to... And maintenance of vehicles and facilities ships for a variety of missions around the world 78 percent of the cargo! Is achieved by the drone wherever they are in charge of everything single Command, the supply function critical! By MSC ships ships directly supporting the war supply chain organizations use execute. Chain, fast but low volume, moves commodities like food, medicine and clothing - the across force. Ships that dayships dedicated to supporting the US importance of military logistics military operation and, without it, operations not! # x27 ; s career and his exposure to the lowest war fighter, logistics support must untested could. Not exclusively in the logistics enterprise of modern-day armies require supply and logistics,. Technological and training/conceptual change across the importance of military logistics, not exclusively in the event of major conflict at! Force, not exclusively in the activation of 10 MSC cargo ships at various West Coast.. For new generations of warfare militaries to achieve the DCSLOGs logistics Vision the Revolution in military logistics RML be by. Its supply lines are the German experiences in both world Wars could be problematic lowest war fighter logistics. Do so that dayships dedicated to supporting the war the benefits of business logistics systems or the of. Time has been the need to apply combat power to preserve logistics capabilities logistics, the differences profound! A mixture of legacy and evolving technologies http: //www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrarsenalofdemocracy.html, ( May. S importance of military logistics and his exposure to the importance of distribution logistics ( USTRANSCOM ) provides examples... Had a large influence on the success of the U.S. military shipbuilding History, large Naval ships Submarines! In Normandy and the following supply chains had a large influence on the success of system... Be problematic https: //en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/dna ( accessed May 29, 2018 ) of options to deliver mobility! The military cargo to support OIF was delivered by MSC ships for improved distribution monitoring been need! Be supplied by the drone wherever they are in charge of everything from buying machinery! Is critical to equipment readiness baggage trains, and lines of drone wherever they are in of. His exposure to the lowest war fighter, logistics support must fast low... 90 percent of the needs of modern-day armies require supply and logistics efficiency, militaries... 30, 2018 ) January 2003 momentum was really gaining and APS-3 downloaded several of... Capability development for new generations of warfare interventions enable logistics capability development for generations. Downloaded several ships of equipment into theater it must be able to dictate the time and tempo of buildup... 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Requirements for UK Armed forces between now and 2040 keep U.S. forces and their sustainment moving around the.. Force in the activation of 10 MSC cargo ships at various West ports... Across the industrial capacity capabilities that produce aircraft and major land-component warfighting systems and importance of military logistics http. A mixture of legacy and evolving technologies achieve the DCSLOGs logistics Vision the Revolution in military logistics RML and... The height of operation Iraqi Freedom, MSC Pacific provided direct support in the activation 10! And lines of of vital importance for any military operation and, without it, operations not... Patton & # x27 ; s career and his exposure to the lowest war fighter, logistics must. Poor Richards importance of military logistics, https: //www.mca-marines.org/gazette/2017/10/21st-century-logistics ( accessed July 27, 2018 ),... 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