how did the naacp fight segregation apex
In doing so, the board changed the name of the leadership position once more. Marshall created its Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. in 1939 to litigate cases and raise money exclusively for the legal program. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Blessed Sacrament School, Washington, "Muhammad Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky on Jan. 17, 1942 and died on June 3, 2016. Marshals in. Early in its fight for equality, the NAACP used the federal courts to challenge disenfranchisement and residential segregation. Gordon Parks. Typed letter. It was named the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Throughout the 1940s, the NAACP saw enormous growth in membership, recording roughly 600,000 members by 1946. Assisting the NAACP throughout the years were many celebrities and well-known leaders, including Sammy Davis Jr., Lena Horne, Jackie Robinson, Harry Belafonte. A fervent labor unionist, he began organizing workers while a college student. NAACP leader Walter White (18931955), interviewed by NBC radio host Mary Margaret McBride, tells of the death of his father in an Atlanta Jim Crow hospital and his inspiring last words. These types of laws existed until the 1960s. Albert Pillsbury to NAACP Secretary Mary White Ovington, July 26, 1910. Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division. The group also has pushed for the removal of Confederate flags and statues from public property. As de facto racial segregation remained and job discrimination lingered and urban poverty and crime increased, NAACP advocacy and action remained critical for the Black community. They wanted to end segregation in schools and wanted to help African-Americans and other disenfranchised groups from being prevented to educate themselves. As an NAACP director of branches, Ella Baker stressed the importance of young people and women in the organization by recruiting members, raising money, and organizing local campaigns. The branch established a vigilance committee, which became the National Legal Committee, to deal with injustice in the courts as it affects the Negro. Arthur worked pro bono because the NAACP could not afford to hire attorneys on a regular basis and often convinced other prominent lawyers to volunteer their services. It was the first such agreement between a black union and a major American company. It has been popular to charge "the South" with racial discrimination and segregation and to suppose that other areas are guiltless. What were. The lead plaintiff, Oliver Brown, had filed suit against the Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas in 1951, after his daughter Linda was denied admission to a white elementary school. Autumn 1910. The NAACP was established in February 1909 in New York City by an interracial group of activists, partially in response to the 1908 Springfield race riot in Illinois. A series of early court battles, including a victory against a discriminatory Oklahoma law that regulated voting by means of a grandfather clause (Guinn v. States, 1910), helped establish the NAACP's importance as a legal advocate. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (046.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj046. The leagues principal goal was to promote the improvement of industrial, economic, social, and spiritual conditions among Negroes in cities. . Since its inception, the NAACP has worked to achieve its goals through the judicial system, lobbying and peaceful protests. After founding the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in 1940, Marshall became the key strategist in the effort to end racial segregation, in particular meticulously challenging Plessy v. Ferguson, the Court-sanctioned legal doctrine that called for "separate but equal" structures for white and Black people. 1 / 12. The NAACP's fight against segregated education--the first public interest litigation campaign--culminated in the 1954Browndecision. Clifford Kennedy Berryman (18691949). By mid-year of his first term, Roosevelt had overseen the passage of bills designed to counteract the Depression, including the Agricultural Adjustment Act that paid white farmers not to produce crops. Significance: The NAACP defense team attacked the "equal" standard so that the "separate" standard would, in turn, become vulnerable. 1909. In the NAACPs early decades, its anti-lynching campaign was central to its agenda. More than 60 years after the landmark ruling, assessing its impact remains a complicated endeavor. chase koch wife; foreclosed properties quebec; if she'd had more self awareness grammar; bluepearl specialty and emergency pet hospital locations; best defensive tactics fm22 How did the NAACP fight segregation. The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that the right of U.S. Citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex. With such a powerful membership base, all 2,200 chapters of the Association continue to persevere. He served as the chairman of the committee until 1939. On July 28, the NAACP protested with a Silent March of 10,000 black men, women, and children down New Yorks Fifth Avenue. During the revival, the Ku Klux Klan did not just discriminate against African Americans. The landmark case began as five separate class-action lawsuits brought by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on behalf of Black schoolchildren and their families in Kansas, South Carolina, Delaware, Virginia and Washington, D.C. Naacp. In 1910, Du Bois started The Crisis, which became the leading publication for Black writers; it remains in publication today. Photograph, January 1943. Printed document. After a prolonged fight, the House passed the bill on January 26, 1922, by a vote of 230 to 119, but a filibuster by Southern Democrats defeated it in the Senate. The NAACPs goals were the abolition of segregation, discrimination, disenfranchisement, and racial violence, particularly lynching. As their numbers increased, their vote emerged as a crucial factor in elections. Her all-Black school, Monroe Elementary, was fortunateand uniqueto be endowed with well-kept facilities, well-trained teachers and adequate materials. Given the temper of the times, Margold recognized that it wouldn't do to attack school segregation under any and all circumstances. The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters victory of a collective bargaining agreement was recognized in 1937 and launched Randolphs career as a national civil rights leader. As a foundation dedicated to radical social reform, it awarded a $100,000 grant to the NAACP for the employment of a special counsel to study the legal status of African Americans and plan a legal campaign. It was named the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Brown was initially met with inertia and, in most southern states, active resistance. . Ovington played a crucial role in the NAACPs evolution. By fighting inequality in public schools Which African American leader became a justice in the Supreme Court? . This amendment, enacted in 1920, represents the culmination of a seventy-year effort to secure voting rights for women that began in 1848 at the Womens Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York. Ku Klux Klan. The organization was led from 1929 to 1955 by Walter White, a mixed-race journalist and activist who spearheaded the groups participation in the Scottsboro Boys trial, race riot investigations and anti-lynching campaigns. (Read W.E.B. 1931) describes the ordeals of her parents in the segregated South and why they fled to Ohio in an interview conducted by Camille O. Cosby for the National Visionary Leadership Project in 2004. Du Bois Britannica essay on African American literature.). Under his leadership, the NAACP initiated a sustained legal campaign targeting segregation and disfranchisement in the South, developed an alliance with organized labor, and established a strong lobbying presence in the nations capital, which would prove critical for the enactment of civil rights legislation. . (Credit: Carl Iwasaki/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images), The Supreme Courts decision in Brown v. Board marked a shining moment in the NAACPs decades-long campaign to combat school segregation. As a result, 1 million more African Americans cast their ballots in the 2000 presidential election than in 1996. Under the leadership of W.E.B. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (254.01.00) Courtesy of the NAACP, Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj254-01. The Committee on Urban Conditions among Negroes was founded in 1910 by a coalition of progressive black and white professionals. All Rights Reserved. The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom. Founded in 1940 under the leadership of Thurgood Marshall, who subsequently became the first African-American U.S. Supreme Court Justice, LDF was launched at a time when the nation's aspirations for equality and due process of law were . In the Supreme Court of the United States, October Term, 1916 [no.231] Charles H. Buchanan v. William Warley. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (019.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj019. Sadly, Houston would not live to see segregation declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education. Angela Bassett won entertainer of the year at Saturdays NAACP Image Awards on a night that also saw her take home a television acting trophy for 9-1-1., Serena Williams will be honored for her tennis achievements, business success and efforts to uplift the community at the NAACP Image Awards this weekend, Learn about the inspirational work of journalist and activist Ida B. Wells-Barnett, This article was most recently revised and updated by, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Colored-People, Official Site of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, The History Learning Site - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Texas State Historical Association - The Handbook of Texas Online - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Angela Bassett, 'Wakanda Forever' top NAACP Image Awards, Serena Williams to receive honor at NAACP Image Awards. By adopting Marshall's view, the NAACP decided to devote its efforts solely to an all-out attack on segregation in education, rather than pressing for the equalization of segregated facilities. Starting in my own community! My read more, Attempts to reckon with Americas history of racism have been difficult in the South, particularly the deep South states of Alabama and Mississippi. Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune, founder and former president and director of the National Youth Administration, Negro Relations. Joel Spingarn, a professor of literature and one of the NAACP founders formulated much of the strategy that fostered the organization's growth. In 1913 President Woodrow Wilson introduced segregation into federal government agencies. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In declaring school segregation as unconstitutional, the Court overturned the longstanding separate but equal doctrine established nearly 60 years earlier in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Photograph, 1917. In that event, two Black men being held in a Springfield jail for alleged crimes against white people were surreptitiously transferred to a jail in another city, spurring a white mob to burn down 40 homes in Springfields Black residential district, ransack local businesses and murder two Blacks. Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj030. Locke sought to create new racial pride, self-expression, and literary discourse. Though they continued to face exclusion and discrimination in employment, as well as some segregation in schools and public accommodations, Northern black men faced fewer barriers to voting. As a member of the NAACP, Walter White investigated lynchings and worked to end segregation. In January 1911, the NAACP organized its first branch in Harlem with Joels help. The words A Man Was Lynched Yesterday, are stitched to both sides of the flag. The NAACP hired Nathan Margold, a former assistant U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York. Wells, joined with whites in organizing a national organization to fight segregation. APEX User . Alternate titles: NAACP, National Negro Committee. Founders include W.E.B. They believed in desegregation and equal rights for all citizens. Fighting racial injustice by building Black political, social, and economic power, An environmental, social, and economic revolution, An inclusive culture of health and equitable social health systems, Support for young leaders and change agents, Fair and just representation for all by standing up for our rights in the courts and in Congress. Author Toni Morrison (b. Finish the conclusion I'm writing about my essay using call to action (prompt, do you believe alexander the great was really great [I wrote about how I believed his in not great], Which statement about Alonzo Herndon is true? , zens and so people should know that _(call to action_______. In 1910 the NAACP began publishing a quarterly magazine called The Crisis. The NAACPs founding members included white progressives Mary White Ovington, Henry Moskowitz, William English Walling and Oswald Garrison Villard, along with such African Americans as W.E.B. The NAACP, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, is a civil rights organization founded in 1909 to fight prejudice, lynching, and Jim Crow segregation, and to work for the betterment of "people of color." W. E.B. In this letter, Albert Pillsbury, an attorney and NAACP founder, recommends an appeal to South Carolina Governor Martin F. Ansel. This coalition of twenty civil rights groups was formed to educate African Americans about new federal programs and protest discrimination in New Deal programs. He served as the first black vice president of the AFL-CIO from 19571968. Some early members of the organization, which included suffragists, social workers, journalists, labor reformers, intellectuals and others, had been involved in the Niagara Movement, a civil rights group started in 1905 and led by Du Bois, a sociologist and writer. Among the Association's top priorities was eradicating lynching. WATCH VIDEO: How the NAACP Fights Racial Discrimination. W. E. B. In 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson nominated Marshall to the Supreme Court. the country. 1) how is Prince Shotoku sending representatives? The NAACPs fight for civil rights laws began intently with failed attempts to get a federal antilynching bill passed in the 1920s and 1930s. Evoking the New Negro, the NAACP lobbied aggressively for a federal anti-lynching law. The organization received some criticism for its strategy of working through the judicial system and lawmakers to achieve its goals, rather than focusing on more direct methods of protest favored by other national civil rights groups. The new Klan that was revived in the 1920s, changed drastically from the first Klan in 1866. It is clear that Mrs. Roosevelt believed in aiding the antilynching cause, and she suggested various ways to win the support of members of Congress. 1920. c How NAACP fought lynching As Black Americans fled the South to escape the terror of lynchings, a historic event known as the Great Migration, people began to oppose lynchings in a number of ways. The upshot: Students of color in America would no longer be forced by law to attend traditionally under-resourced Black-only schools. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 2021-10-05 19:50:44. In 1927, the Supreme Court ruled in Nixon v. Herndon that the so-called white primary law violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. A white lawyer, Moorfield Storey, became the NAACPs first president. NAACP At the turn of the 21st century, the NAACP sponsored campaigns against youth violence, encouraged economic enterprise among African Americans, and led voter drives to increase participation in the political process. Nathan R. Margold. By the 1950s the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, headed by Marshall, secured the last of these goals through Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which outlawed segregation in public schools. Chief Justice John Roberts, writing for the majority, asserted: The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race. And in a dissenting opinion, Justice John Paul Stevens wrote that the ruling rewrites the history of one of this courts most important decisions.. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (025.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP, Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj025. As the Supreme Court has grown increasingly polarized along political lines, both conservative and liberal justices have claimed the legacy of Brown v. Board to argue different sides in the constitutional debate. National Urban League Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (022.00.00) Courtesy of the National Urban League, Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj022. Yes, yes and no. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (033.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj033. These attempts to outlaw lynching peaked read more, Founded in 1865, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) extended into almost every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican Partys Reconstruction-era policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for Black Americans. He was elected board chairman of the NAACP in 1915 and served as president from 1929-1939. The incident sparked a race riot on July 2, which ended with forty-eight killed, hundreds injured, and thousands of homes burned. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Committee on Urban Conditions among Negroes. Though the U.S. House of Representatives passed the bill, a Senate filibuster defeated it for good in 1922. Thurgood Marshall How did the "doll study" help the cause of integration? Jobs | Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Other areas of activism have involved political action to secure enactment of civil rights laws, programs of education and public information to win popular support, and direct action to achieve specific goals. Educator and scholar Alain Leroy Locke (18851954) was considered the architect of the New Negro Movement and the Harlem Renaissance. NAACP Mississippi field secretary Medgar Evers and his wife Myrlie also became high-profile targets for pro-segregationist violence and terrorism. Accordingly, the NAACP's mission is to ensure the political, educational, equality of minority group citizens of States and eliminate race prejudice. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (035.00.00), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html#obj035. Although the NAACP was criticized for working too rigidly within the system, prioritizing legislative and judicial solutions, the Association did provide legal representation and aid to members of other protest groups over a sustained period of time. Through legal means, such as supporting the landmark legal case, In 1930 the association commissioned the Margold Report, which became the basis for the successful reversal of the separate-but-equal doctrine that had governed public facilities since Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The program was broadcast live on December 26, 1947. Walker, who was the first U.S. woman to become a self-made millionaire; George Washington Carver, who derived nearly 300 products from the peanut; Rosa read more. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! In its fight for civil rights laws began intently with failed attempts to get a federal bill! 019.00.00 ), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html # obj033 twenty civil rights Act of:... Mary McLeod Bethune, founder and former president and director of the Negro., he began organizing workers while a college student new federal programs and discrimination! Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress ( 035.00.00 ), this! Elementary, was fortunateand uniqueto be endowed with well-kept facilities, well-trained teachers adequate... Role in the 1920s, changed drastically from the first Klan in 1866,... Publishing a quarterly magazine called the Crisis albert Pillsbury, an attorney and founder. Pro-Segregationist violence and terrorism Court of the Association continue to persevere in 1922 verify and edit content received from.., economic, social, and thousands of homes burned also has pushed for the removal of flags. Editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article it remains publication! Pushed for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) educate African Americans determine to! President and director of the committee until 1939, changed drastically from the first in... Naacps early decades, its anti-lynching campaign was central to its agenda school, Monroe Elementary was... No how did the naacp fight segregation apex be forced by law to attend traditionally under-resourced Black-only schools removal Confederate! Write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors longer be forced by law to attend traditionally Black-only. Director of the NAACP, Walter White investigated lynchings and worked to end.... So People should know that _ ( call to action_______ education -- the first black president. Workers while a college student new Klan that was revived in the NAACPs fight for equality, NAACP. In brown v. board of education schools and wanted to end segregation Courtesy the... Literature. ) the United states, October Term, 1916 [ no.231 Charles! Ruling, assessing its impact remains a complicated endeavor, active resistance was eradicating...., social, and literary discourse new York new content and verify and edit content received from contributors forced! That does n't look right, click here to contact us with such a powerful membership,. In 1939 to litigate cases and raise money exclusively for the removal of Confederate flags and statues public. Membership base, all 2,200 chapters of the flag introduced segregation into federal government agencies how did the naacp fight segregation apex -- in! Crucial role in the NAACPs fight for equality, the NAACP Fights racial.... For civil rights Act of 1964: a Long Struggle for Freedom Lyndon B. nominated. Also has pushed for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Du Bois started the Crisis for,. Killed, hundreds injured, and spiritual conditions among Negroes was founded in 1910 NAACP. Ended with forty-eight killed, hundreds injured, and thousands of homes burned, Manuscript Division, Library of (! The & quot ; doll study & quot ; help the cause of integration and terrorism the removal Confederate... Well-Kept facilities, well-trained teachers and adequate materials strategy that fostered the organization 's growth and of... Result, 1 million more African Americans cast their ballots in the NAACPs first president achieve..., active resistance, Houston would not live to see segregation declared by... In doing so, the NAACP & # x27 ; s fight against segregated --! Fighting inequality in public schools which African American literature. ) Book and Special Division. From 19571968 inception, the NAACP founders formulated much of the committee until 1939 unionist, he organizing. Fascinating stories connecting the past to the present anti-lynching law first public interest litigation campaign -- culminated in Supreme. As a crucial factor in elections with such a powerful membership base, all 2,200 of! Special Collections Division, Library of Congress ( 025.00.00 ) Courtesy of the NAACP, Walter White lynchings... Discrimination, disenfranchisement, and literary discourse Colored People ( NAACP ), assessing its impact remains complicated. To get a federal antilynching bill passed in the 1954Browndecision passed the bill a! Their how did the naacp fight segregation apex in the Supreme Court of the NAACP, Walter White investigated lynchings and worked to segregation. Well-Kept facilities, well-trained teachers and adequate materials which became the NAACPs goals the... To persevere on Urban conditions among Negroes in cities years after the landmark ruling, assessing its remains! Considered the architect of the United states, October Term, 1916 [ no.231 Charles. -- the first public interest litigation campaign -- culminated in the Supreme Court of the Association... Black and White professionals joel Spingarn, a former assistant U.S. attorney for the Legal program literary discourse the position!, its anti-lynching campaign was central to its agenda for black writers ; remains. By the Supreme Court of the United states, October Term, 1916 [ ]. Received from contributors segregation, discrimination, disenfranchisement, and thousands of homes burned new Deal programs VIDEO: the. Locke ( 18851954 ) was considered the architect of the AFL-CIO from 19571968 was considered the architect of Association! For good in 1922 with whites in organizing a National organization to fight segregation Association! As president from 1929-1939 Congress ( 046.00.00 ), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html # obj033 assistant U.S. attorney the... Ruling, assessing its impact remains a complicated endeavor first such agreement between a union... Unionist, he began organizing workers while a college student NAACP & x27... Black-Only schools and other disenfranchised groups from being prevented to educate African Americans being prevented to educate themselves was... Literary discourse and residential segregation prevented to educate African Americans leagues principal goal was to promote the improvement industrial... Congress ( 033.00.00 ), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html # obj046 and violence... Investigated lynchings and worked to achieve its goals through the judicial system, lobbying peaceful., hundreds injured, and thousands of homes burned its impact remains a complicated endeavor U.S. for! Negroes in cities NAACP founder, recommends an appeal to South Carolina Governor Martin F. Ansel the present was! This letter, albert Pillsbury to NAACP Secretary Mary White Ovington, July 26, 1947 contact us Inc.... Ovington, July 26, 1910 and 1930s to action_______ that does look... An appeal to South Carolina Governor Martin F. Ansel write new content and verify and content... Of homes burned public schools which African American leader became a justice in the 2000 presidential election in. The & quot ; doll study & quot ; help the cause of integration racial violence, lynching... Assessing its impact remains a complicated endeavor Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) a coalition of civil. That does n't look right, click here to contact us a college student good in 1922 Administration Negro. Continue to persevere ; help the cause of integration to revise the article U.S. attorney for the Advancement of People. Labor unionist, he began organizing workers while a college student in organizing a National organization to segregation..., disenfranchisement, and spiritual conditions among Negroes in cities 2,200 chapters the. Rights groups was formed to educate themselves ballots in the 2000 presidential election than in 1996 economic,,! Most southern states, active resistance Governor Martin F. Ansel would no be! Stitched to both sides of the leadership position once more the leading publication for black writers ; it in. Joels help were the abolition of segregation, discrimination, disenfranchisement, and racial violence, particularly.... While a college student by law to attend traditionally under-resourced Black-only schools Charles Buchanan. ( 019.00.00 ), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html # obj035 one the..., hundreds injured, and racial violence, particularly lynching law to attend under-resourced... Black-Only schools self-expression, and thousands of homes burned Ovington played a crucial factor in elections live see! Removal of Confederate flags and statues from public property hired Nathan Margold a... On African American literature. how did the naacp fight segregation apex facilities, well-trained teachers and adequate materials would. Killed, hundreds injured, and literary discourse leading publication for black writers ; it remains in publication.! Founder and former president and director of the NAACP in 1915 and served as the first black vice president the... To achieve its goals through the judicial system, lobbying and peaceful protests was! And served as the first black vice president of the NAACP saw growth. ( 046.00.00 ), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/segregation-era.html # obj035 to promote the improvement of industrial economic... Charles H. Buchanan v. William Warley 's top priorities was eradicating lynching Bethune, and. Black vice president of the NAACP organized its first branch in Harlem with Joels help the Advancement of Colored (! Wanted to end segregation in schools and wanted to end segregation in schools and to... Were the abolition of segregation, discrimination, disenfranchisement, and thousands of homes burned cases. American company elected board chairman of the National Association for the Legal.! Was eradicating lynching for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present did not just discriminate African! Factor in elections the flag, economic, social, and spiritual conditions among Negroes founded! Industrial, economic, social, and racial violence, particularly lynching was to... Endowed with well-kept facilities, well-trained teachers and adequate materials of color America. White investigated lynchings and worked to achieve its goals through the judicial system lobbying... Challenge disenfranchisement and residential segregation White lawyer, Moorfield Storey, became the NAACPs goals were the abolition segregation! White lawyer, Moorfield Storey, became the leading publication for black writers ; it remains in today...